Oncogenic potential of ATAD2 in stomach cancer and insights into the protein-protein interactions at its AAA + ATPase domain and bromodomain

Abstract

ATAD2 has recently been shown to promote stomach cancer. However, nothing is known about the functional network of ATAD2 in stomach carcinogenesis. This study illustrates the oncogenic potential of ATAD2 and the participation of its ATPase and bromodomain in stomach malignancy. Expression of ATAD2 in stomach cancer is analyzed by in silico and in vitro techniques including western blot and immunofluorescence microscopy of stomach cancer cells (SCCs) and tissues. The oncogenic potential of ATAD2 is examined thoroughly using genetic alterations, driver gene prediction, survival analysis, identification of interacting partners, and analysis of canonical pathways. To understand the protein-protein interactions (PPI) at residue level, molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations (1200 ns) are performed. Enhanced expression of ATAD2 is observed in H. pylori-infected SCCs, patient biopsy tissues, and all stages and grades of stomach cancer. High expression of ATAD2 is found to be negatively correlated with the survival of stomach cancer patients. ATAD2 is a cancer driver gene with 37 mutational sites and a predictable factor for stomach cancer prognosis with high accuracy. The top canonical pathways of ATAD2 indicate its participation in stomach malignancy. The ATAD2-PPI in stomach cancer identify top-ranked partners; ESR1, SUMO2, SPTN2, and MYC show preference for the bromodomain whereas NCOA3 and HDA11 have preference for the ATPase domain of ATAD2. The oncogenic characterization of ATAD2 provides strong evidence to consider ATAD2 as a stomach cancer biomarker. These studies offer an insight for the first time into the ATAD2-PPI interface presenting a novel target for cancer therapeutics. Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma