Abstract
Tsunami-like waves can arise from large-scale geological events such as the collapse of a mountain flank or a volcano into a lake or an ocean. We here mimic this situation at the laboratory scale. The landslide is modeled by the sudden release of a rectangular granular column, which impacts a still water layer and generates a wave. Through experiments varying both the column dimensions and the initial water depth, three regimes of nonlinear waves of different shapes are reported. The amplitude and width of the generated waves are governed by a local Froude number based on the velocity of the granular front at the water surface.
Highlights
A tsunami wave can be generated by the collapse of the flank of a mountain or a volcano into a lake or ocean
For small values of the Froude numbers, a long primary wave followed by a weak dispersive wave train is observed (Fig. 2(a) for Fr0 = 1.25 and Fr f = 0.19). This regime corresponds to the nonlinear transition waves reported in [1, 17], even though the experimental setups used in these studies are slightly different
For large Froude numbers, waves are close in shape to hydraulic jumps, breaking near the collapse region, due to the shock produced at the interface between the grains and the water (Fig. 2(c) for Fr0 = 3.61 and Fr f = 1.86)
Summary
A tsunami wave can be generated by the collapse of the flank of a mountain or a volcano into a lake or ocean. The entry of an initially dry granular column in water and the interplay between the grains and the generated wave remain poorly characterized.
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