Abstract
The limits of elastic behaviour change with the nature of the impulse applied to a target and the size of volume interrogated by a measurement, since it is the pre-existing defects sampled within its rise that determine the response observed. This review considers a range of solids of different material classes and tracks the development of the strength of the material during shock loading, from yield at the Hugoniot elastic limit, across the weak shock regime, to its transition to strong shock behaviour. It is shown that at this stress, the weak shock limit (WSL), the shear component of the applied stress exceeds the theoretical strength of the material. Beyond this threshold, there are a number of new responses that confirm a transition from an inhomogeneous to a homogeneous state. Further, whilst strength rises across the weak shock regime, it saturates at the WSL. For instance, failure in shocked glasses transitions from localised fracture initiated at target boundaries to a global failure at this threshold at the theoretical strength. Sapphire′s strength asymptotes to the theoretical strength of the strongest direction in its lattice. Finally, the fourth-power dependence of strain rate upon stress appears to be a consequence of the homogeneous flow in the strong shock regime. This review suggests that µ/2π is a good approximation for the unrelaxed theoretical strength of solids at increasing stresses beyond the WSL. The methodology unfolded here represents a new means to experimentally determine the ultimate shear strength of solids.
Highlights
The strength of a target constructed from its constituent components is a vital measure to quantify its resistance to failure during loading, yet strength is a term which returns different levels according to the speed and severity with which one applies force
There have been other reviews of strength measured during shock loading, but this focuses on the transition in behaviour as one crosses from the weak to the strong shock regimes and beyond [4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13]
The limit of elastic behaviour defines a point at which defects already present within a sample seed deformation during loading when further activated by a shock wave
Summary
The strength of a target constructed from its constituent components is a vital measure to quantify its resistance to failure during loading, yet strength is a term which returns different levels according to the speed and severity with which one applies force. There have been other reviews of strength measured during shock loading, but this focuses on the transition in behaviour as one crosses from the weak to the strong shock regimes and beyond [4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13]. In the strong shock regime dislocations are nucleated homogeneously at the front, which implies hydrodynamic flow behind the shock Both these states are mediated by the effects of the increased temperature accessed as greater amplitudes of loading are delivered. It is hoped that the treatment presented here will draw together key features of response in a consistent manner across very different amplitudes of insult, to illustrate the role of applied stress thresholds in the behaviour of solids under shock loading
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