On the use of a trilinear traction-separation law to represent stitch failure in stitched sandwich composites

Abstract

Modern aircraft employ the use of lightweight engineering materials such as sandwich composites to increase the flexural rigidity of their structural components. These sandwich composites are limited by their low interfacial strength between the outer facesheets and internal core, which can result in facesheet-core debonding at relatively low out-of-plane loads. In this study, sandwich composites that are reinforced with through-the-thickness stitching are considered. Stitched sandwich composite specimens, fabricated from 110 kg/m3 perforated foam core with cross-ply carbon/epoxy facesheets, were manufactured with different combinations of stitch densities (0.0016–0.01 stitches/mm2) and linear thread densities (400–1200 Denier) of through-the-thickness reinforcement. Single cantilevered beam (SCB) tests were performed to characterize the facesheet-core debonding within the stitched sandwich composites. Unique fracture morphologies were observed that exhibit dependency on stitch processing parameters. A discrete cohesive zone modeling approach is used to simulate the separation of the facesheet from the core. Three-dimensional finite element analysis reveals crack curvature near the stitching. Good agreement between predicted and experimental measurements were obtained.