On the Ultimate Fate of Massive Neutron Stars in an Ever Expanding Universe

Ahmad A Hujeirat

doi:10.4236/jmp.2018.91004

Abstract

General theory of relativity predicts the central densities of massive neutron stars (-MANs) to be much larger than the nuclear density. In the absence of energy production, the lifetimes of MANs should be shorter that their low-mass counterparts. Yet neither black holes nor neutron stars, whose masses are between two and five solar masses have ever been observed. Also, it is not clear what happened to the old MANs that were created through the collapse of first generation of stars shortly after the Big Bang. In this article, it is argued that MANs must end as completely invisible objects, whose cores are made of incompressible quark-gluon-superfluids and that their effective masses must have doubled through the injection of dark energy by a universal scalar field at the background of supranuclear density. It turns out that recent glitch observations of pulsars and young neutron star systems and data from particle collisions at the LHC and RHIC are in line with the present scenario.

Highlights

Cosmology of Massive Neutron Stars?Unlike luminous stars, whose energies are generated through nuclear fusion, neutron stars emit the rest energy stored in their interiors from old evolutionary epochs
General theory of relativity predicts the central densities of massive neutron stars (-MANs) to be much larger than the nuclear density
It is argued that MANs must end as completely invisible objects, whose cores are made of incompressible quark-gluon-superfluids and that their effective masses must have doubled through the injection of dark energy by a universal scalar field at the background of supranuclear density

Summary

Introduction

Unlike luminous stars, whose energies are generated through nuclear fusion, neutron stars emit the rest energy stored in their interiors from old evolutionary epochs. If the parameters characterizing our universe do not allow matter-density to grow indefinitely [2], the abundance of massive neuron stars at that epoch must have been rich. Under these circumstances, the first generation of NSs must have emitted their energies long time ago to became invisible and disappear from our today observational windows

Normal Dissipative Fluids versus Superfluids

Findings

Determining the Parameter Regimes