Abstract
Increasing penetration of power electronics is changing the understanding of modern power systems. In particular, current saturation of converters leads to multiple equilibrium points for both normal and short-circuit conditions. This paper aims to identify equilibrium points in power systems with penetration of power electronics. First, a steady-state model of power systems considering the power electronics operation is presented. Then, a general methodology is developed to obtain equilibrium points including all possible combinations of converter current saturation states. A system of equations is defined for each combination and is solved considering the possibility to have single or multiple solutions. This methodology is suitable for steady-state analysis in normal operation and during short-circuit scenarios. Test systems with Voltage Source Converters are used to validate the presented methodology.
Highlights
Modern power systems have been increasingly penetrated with power electronics at different levels [1]
This can be explained with the rapid growth of renewable energy generation, transport electrification, industrial electric-drives, deployment of batteries in power systems, flexible AC transmission system (FACTS) and high-voltage direct current (HVDC) transmission [2], [3]
Non-linear operation characteristics introduced with the penetration of power electronics are significantly changing the understanding of power systems [4]
Summary
Modern power systems have been increasingly penetrated with power electronics at different levels [1]. Several systems of equations can be obtained to formulate the studied power system corresponding to different converters current-saturation states where equilibrium points are respectively identified from each system of equation Such the existence of multiple equilibrium points associated with the operation of power electronics is not included in the literature to the best of authors’ knowledge. The system of equations, SEf , corresponding to a combination f ∈ [1, F], can be expressed as follows combining (7), (8) and (10): i1−f This formulation presents a flexible structure to represent power systems with penetration of power electronics considering different operation modes and the possibility to include converter current saturation. This is suitable for steady-state analysis in both normal operation and short-circuit conditions
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