Abstract
This study aimed to develop a model to accurately predict the stress-strain relationship and proposed for laminated composite material. Lack of accuracy of Classical Shells Theory (CST) in predicting the influence of transverse deformation occurs due to the line normal to the surface is assumed remain straight and normal to the mid-plane before and after deformation. This assumption overestimates the structures too stiff and the deflections too small. Anyway, for very thin structures CST still suitable for isotropic homogeneous material, but the shear transverse deformations were neglected, hence provide inaccurate results for thicker structures. These lacks had been revised by Constant Shear or First Order Shear Deformation Theory (CSDT/FOSDT), but still suffer shear locking phenomenon, because always have constant value in the shear term. This matter had been corrected by Higher Order Shear Deformation Theory (HOSDT) using refined assumption that the line normal to the surface in a parabolic function and not normal to the mid-plane, but normal to the surfaces so it fulfill the zero strain in the surfaces. The stress-strain relationship of laminated composite material is applied by using Higher Order Lamination Theory (HOLT) that adopted from HOSDT that was accurate for any thicknesses variation and complex material.
Highlights
In the last decade in civil engineering area has been born FRP as fibrous composite laminated material and it has been discussed by researcher such as Fremond and Maceri (2005), Lawrence Colin Bank (2006), Qasrawi (2007) and Tarek (2010)
They investigate on the repairing or retrofitting the existing structures and development all-FRP material as new primary structures and predict the potency of FRP as the one of smartest civil engineering material
Parapet and pylon made from GFRP with E-glass fiber and isophthalic polyester resin matrices, while cables made from Parafil, an aramid Kevlar fiber coated with polyethylene
Summary
In the last decade in civil engineering area has been born FRP as fibrous composite laminated material and it has been discussed by researcher such as Fremond and Maceri (2005), Lawrence Colin Bank (2006), Qasrawi (2007) and Tarek (2010). Homogeneous isotropic or even layered anisotropic present instead of complicated incremental algorithm material This last model involved higher order displacement field using Taylor series in the thickness coordinates and more accurate in predicting global behavior and respond of plate and shell structures. The modified HOSDT displacement field using corresponding tricky nonlinear term is: model has close results to the 3D elasticity solution (Latheswary et al, 2004) Based on these matters, the strains and stresses relationship can be found for composite laminated called HOLT (Higher Order Lamination Theory) model.
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