Abstract
Ni-rich layered oxides, i.e., LiNi0.6Mn0.2Co0.2O2 (NMC622) and LiNiO2 (LNO), were prepared using the two-step calcination procedure. The samples obtained at different calcination temperatures (750–950 °C for the NMC622 and 650–850 °C for the LNO cathode materials) were characterized using nitrogen physisorption, PXRD, SEM and DLS methods. The correlation of the calcination temperature, structural properties and electrochemical performance of the studied Ni-rich layered cathode materials was thoroughly investigated and discussed. It was determined that the optimal calcination temperature is dependent on the chemical composition of the cathode materials. With increasing nickel content, the optimal calcination temperature shifts towards lower temperatures. The NMC-900 calcined at 900 °C and the LNO-700 calcined at 700 °C showed the most favorable electrochemical performances. Despite their well-ordered structure, the materials calcined at higher temperatures were characterized by a stronger sintering effect, adverse particle growth, and higher Ni2+/Li+ cation mixing, thus deteriorating their electrochemical properties. The importance of a careful selection of the heat treatment (calcination) temperature for each individual cathode material was emphasized.
Highlights
Battery technology is significant for the modern world and impacts many aspects of our lives
The analogous courses of thermogravimetric analysis coupled with mass spectrometry (TGA-MS) curves were recorded for both precursor mixtures regardless of the heat-treatment conditions, and they are not shown
The results revealed no lithium deficiencies for the NMC and LNO samples regardless of the calcination temperature (Li/TM molar ratios are greater than unity)
Summary
Battery technology is significant for the modern world and impacts many aspects of our lives. Yoshino— confirming its great importance for the developments necessary for the proper functioning of people in the world and the continuous improvements in the standards of human living. The battery market has developed substantially over the past few decades, and one of the great challenges of the present time is electromobility. This implies a significant increase in the electric vehicle market segment, and affects a substantial increase in the demand for lithium-ion battery systems. In order to obtain highly efficient batteries, it is necessary to gain a deep understanding of their structure, as well as the phenomena that occur during the operation of these complex, multi-component systems [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13]
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