Abstract
The biogeographical Assumptions 0, 1, and 2 (respectively A0, A1 and A2) are theoretical terms used to interpret and resolve incongruence in order to find general areagrams. The aim of this paper is to suggest the use of A2 instead of A0 and A1 in solving uncertainties during cladistic biogeographical analyses. In a theoretical example, using Component Analysis and Primary Brooks Parsimony Analysis (primary BPA), A2 allows for the reconstruction of the true sequence of disjunction events within a hypothetical scenario, while A0 adds spurious area relationships. A0, A1 and A2 are interpretations of the relationships between areas, not between taxa. Since area relationships are not equivalent to cladistic relationships, it is inappropriate to use the distributional information of taxa to resolve ambiguous patterns in areagrams, as A0 does. Although ambiguity in areagrams is virtually impossible to explain, A2 is better and more neutral than any other biogeographical assumption.
Highlights
IntroductionCladistic biogeography aims to discover biogeo‐ graphical congruence among areagrams (sometimes called area cladograms) based on the assumption that there is a direct correspondence between cladistic and area relationships (Nelson & Platnick, 1981; Mor‐ rone & Crisci, 1995; Humphries & Parenti, 1999; Crisci, 2001; Ebach, 2001; Santos & Amorim, 2007)
Cladistic biogeography aims to discover biogeo‐ graphical congruence among areagrams based on the assumption that there is a direct correspondence between cladistic and area relationships (Nelson & Platnick, 1981; Mor‐ rone & Crisci, 1995; Humphries & Parenti, 1999; Crisci, 2001; Ebach, 2001; Santos & Amorim, 2007)
The procedure begins by replacing the terminal taxa on a cladogram with the areas in which they occur: the result is an areagram
Summary
Cladistic biogeography aims to discover biogeo‐ graphical congruence among areagrams (sometimes called area cladograms) based on the assumption that there is a direct correspondence between cladistic and area relationships (Nelson & Platnick, 1981; Mor‐ rone & Crisci, 1995; Humphries & Parenti, 1999; Crisci, 2001; Ebach, 2001; Santos & Amorim, 2007). The procedure begins by replacing the terminal taxa on a cladogram with the areas in which they occur: the result is an areagram. The areagram re‐ sembles a cladogram, it only represents the relation‐ ships among areas. A set of geographical patterns may reveal a single common pattern, that is, a general areagram. It is the result of the congruence among individual areagrams, allowing for interpretation of a common geographical history. The aim of cladistic biogeography, is to dis‐ cover biogeographical congruence among areagrams
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