Abstract
A 3D model communicates more effectively than a 2D model, hence the applications of 3D city models are rapidly gaining significance in urban studies. However, presently, there is a dearth of free of cost, high-resolution 3D city models available for use. This paper offers potential solutions to this problem by providing a globally replicable methodology to generate low-cost 3D city models from open source 2D building data in conjunction with open satellite-based elevation datasets. Two geographically and morphologically different case studies were used to develop and test this methodology: the Chinese city of Shanghai and the city of Nottingham in the UK. The method is based principally on OpenStreetMap (OSM) and Advanced Land Observing Satellite World 3D digital surface model (AW3D DSM) data and use GMTED 2010 DTM data for undulating terrain. Further enhancement of the resultant 3D model, though not compulsory, uses higher resolution elevation models that are not always open source, but if available can be used (i.e., airborne LiDAR generated DTM). Further we test and develop methods to improve the accuracy of the generated 3D models, employing a small subset of high resolution data that are not open source but can be purchased with a minimal budgets. Given these scenarios of data availability are globally applicable and time-efficient for 3D building generation (where 2D building footprints are available), our proposed methodology has the potential to accelerate the production of 3D city models, and thus to facilitate their dependent applications (e.g., disaster management) wherever commercial 3D city models are unavailable.
Highlights
Three-dimensional city models have become an important resource for planning, development, and policymaking in urban areas [1,2,3,4,5]
digital terrain models (DTM) datasets, we explored how additional datasets could enhance the quality of the 3D city models produced for both Nottingham and Shanghai under different scenarios of data availability
After obtaining the foundation 3D model (Figure 4 shows a sample area) for Nottingham (i.e., ALOS World 3D (AW3D)-30 derived building heights), we compared these building heights with MasterMap building height attribute (BHA) to assess the accuracy of this preliminary result
Summary
Three-dimensional city models have become an important resource for planning, development, and policymaking in urban areas [1,2,3,4,5]. Applications using 3D city models have increased in their scope and complexity [7], spanning from the analysis of electromagnetic propagation for telecommunications through environmental simulations analysing irradiation distribution [8,9] and noise propagation [10] to virtual or augmented reality applications [11,12]. This proliferation of applications is, in turn, driving an increasing demand for the creation and maintenance of reliable 3D city models. This, can be an expensive and/or time/labour-consuming process, Urban Sci. 2020, 4, 47; doi:10.3390/urbansci4040047 www.mdpi.com/journal/urbansci
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