On the regulation of centriole duplication in human cells : exploring the interactions of polo-like kinase 4 with the centrosomal proteins Cep192 and STIL

Abstract

Centrioles duplicate once in each cell cycle to give rise to two centrosomes that form the spindle poles during mitosis. Aberrant centriole duplication can result in the formation of supernumerary centrosomes, leading to incorrect spindle assembly and chromosome segregation errors, thereby possibly contributing to carcinogenesis (Ganem et al., 2009; Nigg, 2002; Zyss and Gergely, 2008). Thus, to ensure genome stability, centriole duplication has to be precisely regulated. Polo-like kinase 4 (PLK4) is a key regulator of centriole duplication (Bettencourt-Dias et al., 2005; Habedanck et al., 2005). PLK4 is characterized by an N-terminal Ser/Thr kinase domain and three C-terminal Polo-boxes (PB1-PB3) (Slevin et al., 2012). The PB1-PB2 domain is required for PLK4's centrosomal localization and binding to Cep152 (Cizmecioglu et al., 2010; Hatch et al., 2010; Slevin et al., 2012). In contrast to PB1-PB2, no binding partners have been described for PB3. Here, we identify Cep192 and STIL as novel interaction partners of PLK4-PB1-PB2 and PLK4-PB3, respectively. In the first part of this study, we reveal that Cep192 directly binds PB1-PB2 via a short region within its N-terminus, which contains conserved patches of acidic residues. We show that also in the case of Cep152 a short N-terminal acidic region is critical for the binding to PB1-PB2. These acidic regions of Cep192 and Cep152 enable electrostatic interactions with positively charged residues of the PB1-PB2 domain in order to promote PLK4 centriolar recruitment (Sonnen et al., 2013). In the second part of this study, we identify STIL as the first known binding partner of PLK4-PB3. We show that the coiled-coil motif of STIL (STIL-CC) is necessary and sufficient for this interaction and thus important for centriole duplication. Based on a collaboration for crystallographic and NMR analyses, we furthermore demonstrate that PB3 adopts a canonical PB fold, and that the PLK4-PB3/STIL-CC binding mimics coiled-coil formation. Analysis of structure-guided STIL mutants suggests a dual binding mode of STIL-CC to PB3 and L1 of PLK4 (linker between the catalytic domain and the PB domains). Taken together, we propose a speculative model for the initial steps of procentriole assembly according to which PLK4 is recruited to centrioles by electrostatic interactions between PB1-PB2 and Cep192/Cep152, and thereafter is stabilized and activated via STIL-CC binding to PB3 and L1.