On the rate of growth and extent of the steady damage accumulation phase in repeated impact tests

Abstract

In the paper, data of repeated impact tests performed on seven laminates of different lay-up and thickness are used to illustrate how the damage index (DI), a damage variable recently introduced by the authors to monitor the range of the penetration process in thick laminates, can be applied in case of repeated impact tests to get information on the rate of initial steady damage accumulation as well as on the onset of severe damage modes. Curves of the rate of growth of the DI in the steady phase (ΔDI/Δ N) vs. the normalised impact energy (ratio of the impact energy E i and the laminate penetration threshold P n) show no significant damage accumulation besides initial specimen indentation for impact energies below 0.2 P n. For intermediate levels of impact energy, repeated impact tests are characterised by an initial region of steady damage accumulation followed by an abrupt change in the rate of damage growth a few impacts before laminate perforation. For higher impact energies ( E i/ P n > 0.4–0.45), no phase of steady damage accumulation is present, suggesting that severe damage mechanisms take place from the very first impacts. Values of the DI at the end of the steady phase (DI unsteady) are shown to be rather peculiar to each laminate regardless of the impact energy used in the tests and therefore may be used to get a first indication of the laminate performance to repeated impacts. The extent of the steady phase may also be used to compute the total energy absorbed by the laminate in the steady damage accumulation phase ( E aTOT_ steady).