On the Processing of Very High Resolution Spaceborne SAR Data: A Chirp-Modulated Back Projection Approach

Abstract

A new image formation algorithm is proposed for processing very high resolution spaceborne sliding-spotlight synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data. Because of along-track antenna steering, the Doppler bandwidth of the received SAR data is expanded significantly beyond one pulse repetition frequency interval. Furthermore, the range histories become spatially dependent in both dimensions and cannot be expressed exactly by a hyperbolic model. In our approach, we first reduce the Doppler bandwidth by a novel azimuth dechirp processing method in the range frequency domain. The data are then processed by the standard $\omega $ – $\kappa $ algorithm with a fixed effective velocity. Thereafter, the chirp modulation concept is imported to rebuild new data with much shorter apertures. Finally, a standard back-projection algorithm is employed to accumulate the signal pixel by pixel along the newly built aperture. Thus, the balance between processing efficiency and precision can be controlled by adjusting the length of the new apertures. In addition, a more accurate 2-D spectrum derivation is employed to enhance the processing precision, and a novel range-splitting method is presented to accommodate the range dependence of effective velocities. Furthermore, when implementing the back projection, the image grid—the region and granularity level of which are user defined—is placed on the earth’s surface instead of on the slant-range plane, and the routine geometry projection processing thus becomes dispensable.