Abstract
After the 2011 Tohoku earthquake (EQ), there have been numerous aftershocks in the eastern and Pacific Ocean of Japan, but EQs are still rare in the western part of Japan. In this situation a relatively large (magnitude (M) ~6) EQ happened on April 12 (UT), 2013 at a place close to the former 1995 Kobe EQ (M~7), so we have tried to find whether there existed any precursors to this EQ, especially abnormal animal behavior (milk yield of cows), observed at Kagawa, Shikoku, near the EQ epicenter. The milk yield of cows has been continuously monitored at Kagawa, and it is found that the milk yield exhibited an abnormal depletion about 10 days before the EQ. This behavior has been extensively compared with the former electromagnetic precursors (ULF radiation, ionos-pheric perturbation). This leads to the discussion on the sensory mechanism of unusual behavior of mild yield of cows, and it may be suggested that ULF radiation among different electromagnetic precursors is a mostly likely driver, at least, for this EQ.
Highlights
IntroductionThe prediction of an earthquake (EQ) (to be more exact, short-term EQ prediction) requires the presence of precursors of any kind [1], so that there have been carried out a lot of extensive studies on pre-seismic parameters during the last few decades (see, e.g., [2])
The prediction of an earthquake (EQ) requires the presence of precursors of any kind [1], so that there have been carried out a lot of extensive studies on pre-seismic parameters during the last few decades
The milk yield of cows has been monitored continuously at this station, and the total milk yield of cows is recorded every day. This kind of digital quantitative values has never been used for the study of abnormal animal behavior
Summary
The prediction of an earthquake (EQ) (to be more exact, short-term EQ prediction) requires the presence of precursors of any kind [1], so that there have been carried out a lot of extensive studies on pre-seismic parameters during the last few decades (see, e.g., [2]). These precursors include, (i) mechanical, (ii) electromagnetic effects, and (iii) macroscopic phenomena [2]. Seismogenic ULF emissions have been observed prior to an EQ (e.g., [11]-[13])
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