Abstract
Cerium oxide nanoparticles with integrated gadolinium have been proved to be useful as contrast agents in magnetic resonance imaging. Of question is their performance in dual-energy computed tomography. The aims of this work are to determine (1) the relation between the computed tomography number and the concentration of the I, Gd or Ce contrast agent and (2) under what conditions it is possible to resolve the type of contrast agent. Hounsfield values of iodoacetic acid, gadolinium acetate and cerium acetate dissolved in water at molar concentrations of 10, 50 and 100 mM were measured in a water phantom using the Siemens SOMATOM Definition Force scanner; gadolinium- and cerium acetate were used as substitutes for the gadolinium-integrated cerium oxide nanoparticles. The relation between the molar concentration of the I, Gd or Ce contrast agent and the Hounsfield value was linear. Concentrations had to be sufficiently high to resolve the contrast agents.
Highlights
Contrast agents are used in computed tomography (CT) to enhance the visibility of internal structures of the patient body
An application of a contrast agent is associated with a risk of adverse reactions[3], for instance the use of an iodinated contrast agent may lead to an impairment in renal function[4]
Measured points were fitted with linear models using the lm() function in R
Summary
Contrast agents are used in computed tomography (CT) to enhance the visibility of internal structures of the patient body. The most often used contrast agents are iodine or barium-based; see refs[1,2] for information on other agents. Bariumbased (ZBa = 56) contrast agents are taken orally as a suspension for the imaging of the gastrointestinal tract; their use in CT examinations is less frequent nowadays, they may be present from previous planar radiography examinations. An application of a contrast agent is associated with a risk of adverse reactions[3], for instance the use of an iodinated contrast agent may lead to an impairment in renal function[4]. Though many of the adverse reactions can be treated, there is a risk of for instance permanent renal damage. For this reason, there is an interest in developing safer contrast agents
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