On the polarization of light by living animals

Abstract

Transient surges in one of the overhead conductors, due to direct lightning strikes, causes crosstalk [C.R. Paul, Analysis of Multiconductor Transmission Lines, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1994; C.R. Paul, Introduction to Electromagnetic Compatibility, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1992] in other adjacent conductors. It is a common electromagnetic interference (EMI) phenomenon observed in power lines, communication lines and electrified railway lines. In this paper we investigate the crosstalk in multiconductor transmission lines (MTLs) above finitely conducting ground as a function of ground conductivity, heights of the receptor conductor and the terminal loads. For receptor conductor close to the ground, compared to the emitter conductor [C.R. Paul, Analysis of Multiconductor Transmission Lines, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1994; C.R. Paul, Introduction to Electromagnetic Compatibility, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1992], the decrease in ground conductivity increases the crosstalk peak currents at near end (end near to the source in the emitter conductor) of the receptor conductor, but at the far end it could either increase or decrease depending upon the line height and ground conductivity.It is found that the ground impedance [J.R. Carson, Wave propagation in overhead wires with ground return, Bell. Sys. Tech. J. 5 (1926) 539–554; Y.J. Wang, S.J. Liu, A review of methods for calculation of frequency dependant impedance of overhead power transmission lines, Proc. Natl. Sci. Conc. ROC (A), 25 (6), (2001) 329–338; E.D. Sunde, Earth conduction effects in transmission systems, 1st ed., Dover Publications Inc., New York, 1968; A. Deri, G. Tevan, A. Semlyen, A. Castanheira, The complex ground return plane a simplified model for homogenous & multilayer earth return, IEEE Trans. PAS 100 (8) (1981) 3686–3693; K.C. Chen, K.M. Damrau, Accuracy of approximate transmission line formulas for overhead wires, IEEE Trans. EMC 31 (4) (1989) 396–397; A. Semlyen, Ground return parameters of transmission lines an asymptotic analysis for very high frequencies, IEEE Trans. PAS 100 (3) (1981) 1031–1038; E.F. Vance, Coupling to Cable Shields, Wiley Interscience, New York, 1978; J.R. Wait, Theory of wave propagation along a thin wire parallel to an interface, Radio Sci. 7 (6) (1972) 675–679; R.G. Olsen, J.L. Young, D.C. Chang, Electromagnetic wave propagation on a thin wire above earth, IEEE Trans. Anten. Propag. 48 (9) (2000) 1413–1418; M. D’Amore, M.S. Sarto, Simulation models of a dissipative transmission line above a lossy ground for a wide-frequency range. I. Single conductor configuration, IEEE Trans. EMC 38 (2) (1996) 127–138; M. D’Amore, M.S. Sarto, Simulation models of a dissipative transmission line above a lossy ground for a wide-frequency range. II. Multiconductor configuration, IEEE Trans. EMC 38 (2) (1996) 139–149; F. Rachidi, C.A. Nucci, M. Ianoz, C. Mazzetti, Influence of lossy ground on lightning induced voltages on overhead lines, IEEE Trans. EMC 38 (3) (1996) 250–264; F. Rachidi, C.A. Nucci, M. Ianoz, Transient analysis of multiconductor lines above a lossy ground, IEEE Trans. Power Deliv. 14 (1) (1999) 294–302; F.M. Tesche, M.V. Ianoz, T. Karlsson, EMC Analysis Methods and Computational Models, John Wiley and Sons Inc., 1997; A.K. Agrawal, H.J. Price, S.H. Gurbaxani, Transient response of multiconductor transmission lines excited by a nonuniform electromagnetic field, IEEE Trans. EMC 22 (2) (1980) 119–129] has profound influence in all the crosstalk cases studied here. Hence, a brief review and comparison of different closed form ground impedance expressions under the limits of transmission line approximation [F.M. Tesche, M.V. Ianoz, T. Karlsson, EMC Analysis Methods and Computational Models, John Wiley and Sons Inc., 1997] and its behavior at both high and low frequencies is presented. It is shown that low frequency approximation of ground impedance is not sufficient for lightning transient studies involving ground conductivities lower than 10 mS/m. The observations presented in the paper have important implications in EMI studies of large distributed outdoor systems, such as the railway network, subjected to lightning strikes.