Abstract
Due to the new green energy policies, district heating companies are being increasingly encouraged to exploit power-to-heat assets, e.g., heat pumps and electric boilers, in their distribution networks besides the traditional central combined heat and power units. The increased utilization of these assets will generate a more complex interaction between power distribution grids and district heating networks including markets for provision of ancillary services. Enabling the participation of power-to-heat units in the ancillary service markets, e.g., frequency reserves, may increase the revenue streams for assets’ owners. However, some technical challenges must first be addressed, including optimization of portfolios of assets that accounts for ancillary service markets, new coordination and operational schemes for portfolio of assets, increase data exchange and interactions with transmission system operators, and new local control schemes for units. This paper proposes a systematic model based design approach for assessment of provision of frequency regulation by power-to-heat assets using the smart grid architecture model. The proposed approach is demonstrated in a Real-Time Control Hardware-in-the-Loop laboratory environment.
Highlights
The role of district heating (DH) networks to provide hot water as well as space heating is essential in many regions across the globe, especially in Scandinavian countries such as Denmark [1].DH networks are centralized by their nature and include a few hierarchical layers such as production, transmission, distribution, and consumption chains
The output for each model shall consists of total electrical active power demand calculated as a sum from power demand computed based on heat plans and the active power demand required by specific FR scheme, i.e., aFRR, manual FRR (mFRR), or frequency containment reserves (FCR)
The output pipe line is modelled as a first order mw cw Tout = cw mw Tin where COP is the coefficient of performance according to the Carnot formula [30]: DH is the temperature of return water from DH network, T DH is the temperature of forwarded where Tin out water into DH network, and Qout is the rate of delivered heat to DH system
Summary
The role of district heating (DH) networks to provide hot water as well as space heating is essential in many regions across the globe, especially in Scandinavian countries such as Denmark [1]. By integrating LSP2H assets on all hierarchical control levels related to power system including regulation markets, an additional flexibility for DH networks to interact with the electricity market is provided Following this line of thought, in [15] it is claimed that the reaction times of the P2H assets are fast enough to participate in the tertiary and even secondary reserve markets. A few studies, e.g., [16,17], have analyzed the intra-hour response of an individual LSHP focusing on technical capabilities of the assets to provide frequency control using a power reference setpoint These studies are not accounting for the hierarchical control structures that involves the aggregator of services and the runtime dispatcher to portfolio of units, the Transmission System Operator (TSO) and its system control schemes, power distribution grid where the units are connected, as well as the frequency control including realistic grid frequency profiles.
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