Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) have been recognized as important signaling compounds of major importance in a number of developmental and physiological processes in plants. The existence of cellular compartments enables efficient redox compartmentalization and ensures proper functioning of ROS-dependent signaling pathways. Similar to other organisms, the production of individual ROS in plant cells is highly localized and regulated by compartment-specific enzyme pathways on transcriptional and post-translational level. ROS metabolism and signaling in specific compartments are greatly affected by their chemical interactions with other reactive radical species, ROS scavengers and antioxidant enzymes. A dysregulation of the redox status, as a consequence of induced ROS generation or decreased capacity of their removal, occurs in plants exposed to diverse stress conditions. During stress condition, strong induction of ROS-generating systems or attenuated ROS scavenging can lead to oxidative or nitrosative stress conditions, associated with potential damaging modifications of cell biomolecules. Here, we present an overview of compartment-specific pathways of ROS production and degradation and mechanisms of ROS homeostasis control within plant cell compartments.
Highlights
Subcellular compartmentalization in eukaryotic cells forms the basis for highly selective separation of biochemical reactions and metabolic pathways, and delimit their potential mutual interferences [1].Current knowledge indicates that within each compartment of eukaryotic cells, specific redox characteristics have evolved [2,3]
We have witnessed a substantial progress in our understanding of reactive oxygen species (ROS)-dependent redox signaling in plants involved in plant growth and developmental and responses to abiotic and biotic stress stimuli
It has become increasingly evident that cellular ROS signaling pathways are clearly confined in a spatio-temporal manner, to that observed for other second messengers, and that ROS redox signaling is tightly connected to cellular compartmentalization, which allows organelle-specific signaling responses
Summary
Subcellular compartmentalization in eukaryotic cells forms the basis for highly selective separation of biochemical reactions and metabolic pathways, and delimit their potential mutual interferences [1]. ROS were described as toxic by-products of the aerobic metabolism and their increased levels were connected with multiple forms of cellular damage mediated by oxidative modifications of cell biomolecules. High reactivity of hydroxyl radicals leads to subsequent cellular damages, including changes in protein structures, lipid peroxidation and membrane destruction [15]. Superoxide anion radical (O2 − ) is a highly reactive nucleophilic species with a half-life about 1 μs, which often serves as an initiator of reaction cascades generating other ROS, namely hydrogen peroxide. Polyunsaturated fatty acid within thylakoid membranes are considered the main reaction partners of 1 O2 , whereas superoxide preferentially reacts with other radical compound including nitric oxide and components of protein hem-containing and non-hem iron centers [22]. Excess H2 O2 is known to trigger chloroplast and peroxisome autophagy and programmed cell death in plants [27]
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