Abstract
The physical, observable spectrum in gauge theories is made up from gauge-invariant states. The Fröhlich–Morchio–Strocchi mechanism allows in the standard model to map these states to the gauge-dependent elementary W, Z and Higgs states. This is no longer necessarily the case in theories with a more general gauge group and Higgs sector. We classify and predict the physical spectrum for a wide range of such theories, with special emphasis on GUT-like cases, and show that discrepancies between the spectrum of elementary fields and physical particles frequently arise.
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