On the multifractal analysis of air quality index time series before and during COVID-19 partial lockdown: A case study of Shanghai, China

Abstract

Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, human activities are largely restricted in Shanghai, China and it is a valuable experiment to testify the correlation of air quality and human activities. In consideration of the complexity of air pollution, this study aims to compare the multifractal characteristics of air quality index (AQI) time series before and during COVID-19 partial lockdown, and analyze the correlations between multifractal parameters of AQI time series and human activities in Shanghai, China. The hourly AQI series in Shanghai from November 27, 2019 to March 23, 2020 is used for this study. Firstly, using the MF-DFA method, the multifractal characteristics of the AQI series are explored. Secondly, the causes of the multifractality of the AQI series are determined. Finally, the correlations between multifractal parameters of AQI time series and human activities are investigated. The multifractal analysis results reveal that the AQI series during COVID-19 partial lockdown also has multifractal characteristics, and the slightly weaker multifractal characteristics and marginally smaller multifractal degree are obtained in comparison with the pre-lockdown phase. However, the contribution of the effective or intrinsic multifractality before and during COVID-19 partial lockdown are very close. The results via the sliding window procedure indicate that the multifractal parameters (ΔH,Δα,Δf) show the similar fluctuations along with the fluctuations of passenger volume in Shanghai Metro. Furthermore, it is found that ΔH,Δα and Δf and adjusted passenger volume in Shanghai Metro are positively correlated. The possible trend is that the higher adjusted passenger volume is, the larger the value of ΔH,Δα, Δf becomes, which means the stronger multifractal characteristics and larger multifractal degree of air quality system.