Abstract
The finite difference time domain (FDTD) method, the frequency domain finite element method (FEM) and the beam propagation method (BPM) are the recent development of LCD modelling methods. The FDTD method is capable of computing electromagnetic interactions for problem geometries. FEM leads to sparse matrix systems. The beam propagation method (BPM) has been widely used in integrated optics. Optimization techniques include global optimization techniques and local gradient-based search technique. Using computational methods in coordination with the optimization techniques, LCDs were designed optimally.
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