On the Migration issue in Europe

Розглянуто проблему сучасної міграційної кризи в країнах ЄС, основні загрози безпеки зовнішніх кордонів ЄС та загострення міжетнічних конфліктів. Проаналізовано сучасну міграційну політику країн ЄС, розкрито основні підходи до вирішення міграційних проблем, висвітлено проблеми інтеграції мігрантів у європейські суспільства, заходи, які застосовують окремі європейські держави у боротьбі із нелегальною міграцією, а також наголошено на необхідності вдосконалення сучасної міграційної політики країн ЄС, розробки нових умов та принципів адаптації мігрантів, що застосовуватимуться Україною. Відзначено, що прагнення України стати рівноправним членом світової та європейської спільноти вимагає від нашої держави неухильного дотримання міжнародних угод та стандартів у сфері захисту прав людини, одним з яких є свобода вільного переміщення громадян. Україна, в силу свого геополітичного розташування, стала транзитною країною для багатьох шукачів кращого життя. У цьому потоці певний відсоток становлять люди, що змушені шукати притулок. Ці люди не можуть розраховувати на захист своїх урядів, і в цьому відрізняються від інших мігрантів, у яких би тяжких умовах ці мігранти не знаходилися, а також від інших груп людей, які мають потребу в гуманітарному захисті. Також автор намагається проаналізувати питання нелегальної міграції до країн європейського континенту, що було викликано і спровоковано напливом біженців із територій, де активно ведуться військові дії та масові збройні конфлікти; робиться спроба висловлення пропозицій та шляхів їх розв’язання. Також сформульовано поняття «європейська міграційна криза», що застосовується для визначення ситуації, яка склалася в країнах Європейського Союзу внаслідок процесів нелегальної міграції біженців. Проаналізовано ключові проблеми нелегальної міграції, розглянуто основні заходи, що здійснюються ЄС задля врегулювання напливу мігрантів, визначено рівень їх ефективності. Акцентовано увагу на необхідності вдосконалення міграційної політики як на рівні країн-учасниць ЄС, України, так і Європейським Союзом загалом.

This thesis empirically investigates three different aspects of immigration policies in Germany. In Chapter 2, I analyze whether the economic assimilation of refugees differs from the assimilation of economic immigrants. To create and implement effective immigration policies, it is necessary to understand the heterogeneity of different immigration groups. As a large part of low-skilled immigrants in the OECD originates from asylum seekers and low-skilled immigrants are a main target of immigration policies, a deeper understanding of that group is of high relevance. Moreover, immigration via the asylum system will most likely present an important channel for immigration in the future, given events like the recent refugee crisis in the European Union. If immigration policy tries to improve the economic integration of refugees, the peculiarities of the group of refugees should be taken into account designing policy measures.
\nChapters 3 and 4 analyze the effects of a particular policy instrument, the acquisition of citizenship. Naturalization grants an immigrant the citizenship of the host country by giving the immigrant the equal rights as the native population. It is predominantly directed to immigrants who have spent several years in the host country and requires specific criteria to be met. The third chapter which is joint work with Christina Gathmann investigates the effect of citizenship acquisition on the economic integration of immigrants. Making use of a novel identification strategy which is based on two policy reforms, we identify the causal effect of citizenship on various economic outcomes. An earlier version of this paper was circulated in the IZA Working Paper series (Gathmann and Keller, 2014). The fourth paper which is joint work with Christina Gathmann and Ole Monscheuer broadens the scope on the effects of citizenship acquisition and analyzes the impact of naturalization on the social integration of immigrants. In particular, we investigate the effects of naturalization on fertility and marriage patterns of immigrants. Despite the primary interest in the labor market effects of immigration policies, these policies might also have significant impact on other dimensions of integration. Previous research has shown that attitudes of natives toward immigrants and immigration in general are not only shaped by their economic impacts (i.e., on wages and taxes), but also on social and cultural differences (e.g., Card et al., 2012; Dustmann and Preston, 2007). Thus, the effects of immigration policies on social integration outcomes are also highly relevant, especially for policy makers which are confined by the public perception of immigration in general.

In the context of the global refugee crisis, trans-Saharan and trans-Mediterranean (irregular) migration from Africa to Europe has recently received huge public and political attention, particularly within Europe. Calls for reducing and containing irregular migrant flows and addressing the “root causes” of forced migration dominate the European policy discourse. However, migration within the African continent is much more prevalent than migration from Africa to Europe or other parts of the world. About two-thirds of African international migrants are living in another African country. The types of mobility thereby range from seasonal labour migration to forced displacement with varying geographic extensions. Against this background, the African Union has defined norms and strategic guidelines regulating migration and forced displacement and regional organisations such as the Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD) in the Horn of Africa and the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) are involved in migration governance. Regional organisations and migration platforms are gradually becoming acknowledged political players, also reflecting a general trend of regionalisation and pluralisation in international and migration policies. Their actual involvement in global policy processes, such as the currently negotiated Global Compacts for Migration and on Refugees, as well as in EU-Africa migration initiatives remains nonetheless limited. While increasingly recognised, up to present, regional migration regimes outside Europe remain little understood regarding their main drivers, features and impact. The present paper sets the ground for enhancing this understanding by introducing a framework of analysis for regional migration governance. The framework incorporates elements of various approaches to international organisations of which regional organisations (ROs) form a subset. In this context, both institutional characteristics such as organisational identity and history and the interests of (powerful) member states and external actors are considered key explanatory factors for migration-related strategy formulation and implementation. The framework introduced is intended as a general scheme for the analysis of regional migration governance around the globe – not only specifically in Africa. However, in this study, migration governance in the two African sub-regions - Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) and the Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD) at the Horn of Africa - is used to illustrate the diversity of historical pathways, migration realities and challenges as well as institutional settings. Whereas the IGAD sub-region is characterised by high levels of forced displacement, the ECOWAS countries have a long tradition of circular and seasonal labour migration, not least mirrored in a relatively established and internally driven migration policy agenda. The paper shows that the framework facilitates a comprehensive understanding of regional migration governance structures and processes. Our hitherto analysis based on the framework indicates that the organisations studied, IGAD and ECOWAS, are well-placed for the management of regional migration. Institutional structures between the two differ, for instance, with regard to levels of legalisation, with ECOWAS disposing of strong formal powers to enforce regional policies and IGAD privileging informal cooperative relationships between member states. Since both regions experience challenges in the implementation of regional norms at national and sub-national levels, (further) financial and technical support in this area is necessary.

There are several different issues affecting migration on the global scale, which are commonly interconnected. These include work migration, lifestyle migration, ecological migration, workers’ wages abroad, transit migration, irregular global migration, forced and forced humanitarian migration, human trafficking, refugees, and the safety of displaced populations. This study analyzes causation and consequences of Turkish workforce migration. Aim: Bu çalışma hayatlarını iyileştirmek amacıyla kuraldışı göçmen işgücünün Avrupa’ya göç etmesiyle birlikte yükselen sorunlara odaklanmaktadır. Methodology: Social and cultural discourse analysis are used in the study. It is preferable to investigate the macroeconomic factors of each country, in order to assess the economic implications of immigration. The present study looks at immigration from an economic, as well as a cultural and social point of view. Findings: Apparently, immigration policies are unable to achieve their prespecified demographic targets, at least under most circumstances, because controlling the synthesis and volume of net migration poses a remarkable challenge. Apart from the economic crisis, certain factors that are unique to Turkey lately, such as social-legislative problems and unemployment, push large segments of the population to migrate to other countries, raising the fraction of immigration therefore. Results: Demographic circumstances and effects of relevant policies work in tandem, and their combined influence alters the volume and makeup of the workforce in complex ways. Moreover, any undertaking to pinpoint the needs of the future work market in a decisive way, regarding immigration, and to optimize immigration strategies, appears to have modest results as well.

The current migration and refugee crisis in Europe requires an understanding of the different migration drivers beyond the well-known economic determinants. In this article, we view migration from ...

In the poster we summarize the main results of the research on the EU news media landscape. It looked for similarities and differences in the coverage of European affairs across 7 different countries and 14 different national media outlets in 4 periods in 2014 and 2015. Three questions have been crucial: 1. Do national media show interest in European Affairs? 2. How and on which issues do they talk about European Union? 3. How and on which issues do they talk about European Union? Media coverage of European issues tends to be cyclical and to peak during events that national journalism sees as characterized by a specific European dimension. The debate on refugee and, more in general, the so- called “migration crisis” or “refugee crisis” is the most prevalent and spatially universal theme dominating the samples collected from 2015. Youth are only rarely mentioned in connection with European affairs, and their presence is associated only to a limited variety of issues, like education and unemployment. Thus even when rarely evoked as voters, they are considered “bad voters”, under the influence of extreme populism. Youth-oriented media such as the hybrid journalism of VICE (examined in six of its national-language websites), together with the television and radio programs selected by each national team, provide a very different picture of young people: (a) an unrecognized collective force, especially in relation to new technologies and innovation, entrepreneurship and start-ups; (b) growing disenfranchised from and disillusioned with mainstream politics but interested in other forms of participation (i.e. protest and dissent actions; volunteering); (c) generally interested in environmental and cultural issues and active within these realms, especially oriented towards music, cinema and arts; (d) a global (or rather glocal) community of workers, consumers and travelers that goes beyond the European borders.

Since the start of the global economic downturn,GermanyandSpainhave experienced highly-divergent
\n impacts of the crisis on the labour market in general and on immigrant workers in
\n particular. This can be mainly explained by looking at the economic growth patterns
\n prior to the crisis. Spain’s higher, more labour-intensive growth was enabled by growth
\n in the labour supply that was fuelled by immigration and fostered by a de facto permissive
\n immigration policy, while restrictive migration policy prevented growth in labour
\n supply in Germany and encouraged more capital-intensive growth in which both Germans
\n with a low level of skills, and immigrants in particular, found it difficult to integrate.
\n We therefore argue that institutional features of the labour market promoted these
\n patterns. The high level of importance of the temporary and informal labour market
\n segments inSpainwhich were hit hardest by the crisis placed immigrant workers and
\n young workers in a vulnerable position.The economic crisis has made parts of the population
\n more sceptical about immigration in both countries. However, there appear to be no
\n links between the severity of the crisis and public debates on migration. Although
\n Spain was definitely hit harder by the crisis than Germany, and immigrants were affected
\n more severely, public debates on migration and integration issues seem to be at least
\n as fierce in Germany as in Spain. The legacy of past migrations and migration policies
\n exerts a more significant influence on the public perception of migration as a risk
\n than economic factors do.

This thesis offers a transnational history of the Jewish refugee crisis in South-Western Europe, and assesses the role of the Iberian Peninsula in the Holocaust. It does so by looking at Vichy France, Franco’s Spain, and Salazar’s Portugal. It explores the possibilities of rescue, and the offer of relief. It accounts for the persecution of Jews in Spain and Portugal. And it examines the role of the Western Allies in offering relief and promoting the rescue of Jews in the region. Crucially, this thesis also focuses in the role of humanitarian organisations, both private and intergovernmental, in tackling the Jewish refugee situation. The role of Jewish underground groups in organising the clandestine crossing of the Pyrenees is also explored in detail. Lastly, this thesis also accounts for the decimated possibilities of transportation from the Iberian Peninsula during the war, and for the repercussions of this transportation crisis for the Jewish refugee crisis and the Holocaust

From mid-2015 to early 2016, more than a million refugees and migrants arrived in Europe, after having crossed the Mediterranean Sea. Sweden quickly emerged as one of the main destinations they asp ...

Refugee crisis in the last few years of the present century has assumed such vast proportions which find parallels only during the World War II. The world is witnessing millions of people undertaking arduous journeys to escape their war torn countries of origin. Economic instability and deadly conflicts are forcing innumerable people to leave their homes in search of better lives. Mohsin Hamid’s novel Exit West (2017) is a modern take on the inevitable migration of people across countries, even across continents, when societies descend into chaos and conflict. This paper makes a humble attempt to highlight how Exit West depicts the plight of refugees in their war ravaged countries by specially focusing on an anonymous city torn apart by civil war. I argue that keeping the city unnamed is a way of universalizing the predicament of refugees. The novel uses the unusual but very clever teleportation device of black doors to transport people across different places instantly.

The European Union’s asylum law and policy has been founded on the principle of solidarity between the Member States. The Treaty of Lisbon cemented this principle in the primary law of the EU at Article 80 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union and its priority has been re-emphasised in reactions to Europe’s ‘refugee crisis’. Solidarity is offered as an intuitively simple and constructive solution to the challenges facing the Common European Asylum System (CEAS). Yet it remains unclear what exactly this entails, as a definition of solidarity is conspicuously absent despite the central role it plays. This absence of a shared understanding makes it very difficult to engage meaningfully with legal or political calls for solidarity and to evaluate or critique the CEAS based on solidarity. This thesis critically investigates the meaning of solidarity in the context of the Common European Asylum System. The first part finds that solidarity conveys numerous different meanings and is used to express these variably at different times, established by drawing on three sources: first, the normative and theoretical underpinnings of the idea of solidarity; second, the development of solidarity in and by the European Union; and third, solidarity or burden-sharing in refugee law and practice through international and regional configurations. This flexibility is used to interpret solidarity in the CEAS in the second part: first to interrogate the contents of the ‘solidarity toolbox’ of practical, financial and legal mechanisms expressing the principle; and second to reflect on its role in shaping the CEAS and in managing the relationships between the EU, the Member States, and persons in need of international protection. From this, it is argued that solidarity does not necessarily entail any specific policy choices, rather, diverse policy options might equally claim to be based on the principle of solidarity. This enables the principle of solidarity to act as a point of agreement for actors with diverse interests and visions for asylum policy, but prevents solidarity guiding CEAS law and policymaking beyond this superficial agreement. Solidarity is a deceptively simple and alluring foundation and problem-solving tool for the CEAS. Its flexibility allows it to offer a veneer of unity to the CEAS, accommodating diverse, even conflicting, visions. On the other hand, this flexibility also means that it is a largely empty vessel and severely limited in its practical ability to guide law and policy planning in the CEAS.

The research debate covering the so-called ‘refugee crises in Europe’ has largely been addressing issues like border control, EU policies – or the lack thereof – and the political backlash in the form of anti-immigrant sentiments. Follow-up questions about the integration of refugees and 1 We would like to thank Alireza Behtoui for helping us find relevant English language literature on Sweden for this paper. their children into society, education and work are now slowly appearing on the agenda too. Although the current attention to the issue of the integration of the children of refugees into education is recent, several researchers in Europe have addressed the question for previous waves of refugees. The findings of one of the largest European studies on the topic, Integrace, a comparative study which includes Sweden and the Netherlands among other EU Member States, will figure prominently in this paper. Next to this study there are smaller national and local studies that are often descriptive or evaluate examples of so-called good practice in cities and schools.

Infectious and non-communicable health conditions among newly arrived Eritrean migrants and refugees at arrival and post integration in Switzerland

On social media, the images of a drowned child on the beach continue to spark public’s sympathy toward refugees and evoke international outcry over the governments’ inability to adequately address the refugee crisis. These photos and refugee crisis can be seen as catalysts that have promoted the chain of political events. It has promoted civic engagement and inspired people to participate in this event. By analyzing this case, we can see the relationships between social media, public participation and deliberative democracy quite clearly; analyze why social media is an ideal tool for public participation; discover how powerful voluntary participation is; explore how the level of citizen participation varied during this process; and understand how public participation promote deliberative democracy by social media comprehensively.

The mass displacement of refugees that occurred following the Second World War was the largest refugee crisis the world had ever experienced. The resettlement of these Displaced Persons (DPs) and families was a complex process for those who sought lives removed from the trauma of wartime Europe. Australian involvement in the Displaced Persons Resettlement Scheme included the resettlement of numerous individuals and families across the country. Yet, the density of settlement varied greatly between states, and Queensland’s post-war migrant and refugee intake was the lowest of the nation. The resettlement conditions for Displaced Persons in Queensland reflected a stark contrast to resettlement experiences in other Australian locations. Employment of Displaced Persons in Queensland was frequently structured around seasonal work projects, and was not sustained by industry in the same manner as many interstate locations such as Sydney and Melbourne. The lack of dedicated Reception and Training Centres for migrants and Displaced Persons in Queensland substantially altered the training and facilities available to refugees during their initial accommodation in the State, and many families became separated as a result of accommodation and work requirements. As the resettlement of Displaced Persons continued across Queensland’s numerous regions, many families also found themselves in areas of relatively low cultural diversity. No comprehensive study has previously been conducted to analyse the resettlement of Displaced Persons and their children in Queensland. This project makes combined use of more than 10 000 archival files and newly collected oral history interviews with more than 50 Displaced Persons in order to understand the resettlement experiences of refugees in regions of low cultural and linguistic diversity. Focussing directly on the experiences of Polish, Latvian and Ukrainian families, this is the first work that systematically and exclusively assesses the resettlement of Displaced Persons in Queensland. This project contributes new knowledge to the study of displacement and refugee experiences of resettlement. In particular, it provides new insight into the resettlement of refugees in regions of low cultural and linguistic diversity, and the way in which resettlement is influenced by prior experiences of displacement and encampment. This thesis considers the displacement, encampment and resettlement of Polish, Latvian and Ukrainian Displaced Persons with children who were resettled in Queensland between 1947 and 1959. Considering the resettlement of Poles, Latvians and Ukrainians creates insight into the experiences of refugees who have been displaced having previously undergone sequential and compounded experiences of oppression and violence over decades. Drawing on the consequences of this, the thesis also considers Displaced Persons who were unable to identify with their nationality or citizenship of birth due to multiple territory and border changes. The personal and social impact of this was accentuated by their resettlement in areas lacking established migrant communities. Without such communities, locals had no capacity to understand or recognise refugees’ compounded and enduring loss. This project brings to light the ways in which displacement and encampment form legacies that continue to resonate across decades of resettlement. Such experiences not only became an historical trauma in their own right, but became a lens through which refugees came to understand their subsequent experiences in Queensland. These events were understood differently through their refraction via the lens of familial and social networks that developed in Queensland. This knowledge has contemporary implications for understanding the likely impact of the long-term encampment and incarceration of refugees globally. It also offers ways to consider the resettlement of refugees in Australia and other locations that may not have established migrant communities and support networks.