On the local pairing behavior of critical points and roots of random polynomials

Abstract

We study the pairing between zeros and critical points of the polynomial $p_{n}(z) = \prod _{j=1}^{n}(z-X_{j})$, whose roots $X_{1}, \ldots , X_{n}$ are complex-valued random variables. Under a regularity assumption, we show that if the roots are independent and identically distributed, the Wasserstein distance between the empirical distributions of roots and critical points of $p_{n}$ is on the order of $1/n$, up to logarithmic corrections. The proof relies on a careful construction of disjoint random Jordan curves in the complex plane, which allow us to naturally pair roots and nearby critical points. In addition, we establish asymptotic expansions to order $1/n^{2}$ for the locations of the nearest critical points to several fixed roots. This allows us to describe the joint limiting fluctuations of the critical points as $n$ tends to infinity, extending a recent result of Kabluchko and Seidel. Finally, we present a local law that describes the behavior of the critical points when the roots are neither independent nor identically distributed.