On the lidar‐observed sandwich structure of polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs): 1. Implications for the mixing state of the PSC particles

Abstract

A vertical sandwich structure of (type I) polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs), in which layers of relative depolarization are above and below a scattering layer has frequently been observed by lidar at Ny‐Ålesund, Svalbard, when the stratospheric temperature decreases to near the frost point of ice. Using lidar observations and backward trajectory analysis, we studied the time evolution of this structure and its temperature history. The main difference between the temperature history of PSCs in the scattering layer and those in the depolarization layer was the temperature at which the structure is observed. The small increase in the scattering ratio over time at the altitude of the depolarization maximum implies a slow nucleation of solid particles. These lidar observations including temperature histories suggest that the sandwich structure arises from the external mixing of two different types of particles. A large fraction of liquid particles, grown at low temperature, constitutes the scattering layer, while at higher temperatures, a very small fraction of solid particles is responsible for the depolarization layer.