On the Ionospheric Disturbances in New Zealand and Australia Following the Eruption of the Hunga Tonga‐Hunga Ha'apai Volcano on 15 January 2022

Abstract

AbstractThe Hunga Tonga‐Hunga Ha'apai (hereafter HTHH) submarine volcano erupted at 04:14:45 UT on 15 January 2022, causing ionospheric disturbances. This paper uses carrier phase observations from GNSS tracking stations in New Zealand and Australia to calculate the vertical total electron content. At 06:10, the ground‐based GNSS tracking station in New Zealand observes a maximum amplitude of 2.26 TECU anomaly caused by a mesoscale traveling ionospheric disturbance (MSTID) with a wavelength of 200–250 km, a period of 6–13 min, and a maximum propagation velocity of 330 m/s. The anomaly developed with time along the north‐south island direction toward the south island and lasted for about three and a half hours, with the ionosphere returning to pre‐eruption levels after 09:50, indicating a correlation between ionospheric activity and volcanic eruption. An ionospheric anomaly caused by an MSTID was also observed off the east coast of Australia around 08:11, with a maximum amplitude of 3.17 TECU and a maximum propagation velocity of 356 m/s. The ionospheric anomaly in Australia spreads out in a plane. In the process of propagation, it continuously impacts the area it passes through, and the entire anomaly process lasts for more than 7 hr. Still, the anomalous propagation velocities are more significant than in New Zealand, indicating that the Lamb waves excited by the eruption of the HTHH submarine volcano are directional in propagation speed; westward travels faster than southward. This finding will provide more references for scholars to study the mechanism and characteristics of anomaly propagation.