On the Importance of Anion–π Interactions in the Mechanism of Sulfide:Quinone Oxidoreductase

Abstract

Sulfide:quinone oxidoreductase (SQR) is a flavin-dependent enzyme that plays a physiological role in two important processes. First, it is responsible for sulfide detoxification by oxidizing sulfide ions (S(2-) and HS(-)) to elementary sulfur and the electrons are first transferred to flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD), which in turn passes them to the quinone pool in the membrane. Second, in sulfidotrophic bacteria, SQRs play a key role in the sulfide-dependent respiration and anaerobic photosynthesis, deriving energy for their growth from reduced sulfur. Two mechanisms of action for SQR have been proposed: first, nucleophilic attack of a Cys residue on the C4 of FAD, and second, an alternate anionic radical mechanism by direct electron transfer from Cys to the isoalloxazine ring of FAD. Both mechanisms involve a common anionic intermediate that it is stabilized by a relevant anion-π interaction and its previous formation (from HS(-) and Cys-S-S-Cys) is also facilitated by reducing the transition-state barrier, owing to an interaction that involves the π system of FAD. By analyzing the X-ray structures of SQRs available in the Protein Data Bank (PDB) and using DFT calculations, we demonstrate the relevance of the anion-π interaction in the enzymatic mechanism.