On the feasibility of primordial black hole abundance constraints using lensing parallax of GRBs

Abstract

ABSTRACT Primordial black holes, which could have formed during the early Universe through overdensities in primordial density fluctuations during inflation, are potential candidates for dark matter. We explore the use of lensing parallax of gamma-ray bursts (GRBs), which results in different fluxes being observed from two different vantage points, in order to probe the abundance of primordial black holes in the unexplored window within the mass range 10−15 to 10−11 $\mathrm{ {M}_\odot}$. We derive the optical depth for the lensing of GRBs with a distribution of source properties and realistic detector sensitivities. We comment on the ability of the proposed Indian twin satellite mission Daksha in its low Earth orbit to conduct this experiment. If the two Daksha satellites observe 10 000 GRBs simultaneously and the entirety of dark matter is made up of 10−15 to 10−12 $\mathrm{ {M}_\odot}$ black holes, Daksha will detect non-zero lensing events with a probability ranging from 80 to 50 per cent at the bin edges, respectively. Non-detections will not conclusively rule out primordial black holes as dark matter in this mass range. However, we show that meaningful constraints can be obtained in such a case if the two satellites are separated by at least the Earth–Moon distance.