On the expansive working of steam in locomotives

Abstract

Different crystal planes of nanocrystalline often displayed diverse physical and chemical properties. In this paper, the effects of nano-ZnO with two kinds of crystal planes on crystallization, thermal stability and mechanical properties of PLLA were investigated. The results show that the (1010) planes with no-polar and low surface energy increased the chain mobility of PLLA chain, showed a plasticizing effect; the glass transition temperature, melt and cold crystallization temperature decreased by 12 °C, 10 °C and 12 °C, respectively. The size of spherulites increased and the number of spherulites decreased, the crystal form changed from mixed crystal form α, α′ to unique α crystal form. However, the (0002) planes with polar and high surface energy has highly nucleating effective for PLLA, the crystallization temperature increased to 106.41 °C, the cold crystallization peak disappear. The size of spherulites decreased and the number of spherulites increased. Moreover, the (0002) planes increases the elongation at break of PLLA to 20.34% but the (1010) planes reduces to 7.49%. Their thermo-gravimetric analysis results showed the similar trend. Our results indicate that the interface wettability and compatibility between crystal planes and PLLA, which was caused by the polarity and surface energy of (1010) or (0002) planes played key role in improving the performance of polymers.