On the exact incorporation of virtual measurements on orthogonal-transformation based state-estimation procedures

Abstract

A state-estimation procedure is given that is based on Givens orthogonal transformations and that treats virtual measurements in an exact way. It requires only a very small adaptation to an existing code. Further, expressions are developed to calculate the normalized residues, to detect bad-data groups and to detect critical measurements. The availability of normalized residues is shown to be very profitable in the detection of topological errors. Test results show that the numerical stability of the orthogonal transformation method is fully preserved. The additional effort required for the enhanced bad-data handling depends on the relative number of virtual measurements.