Abstract
Control of cooling and heating processes is essential in many industrial and biological processes. In fact, the time evolution of an observable quantity may differ according to the previous history of the system. For example, a system that is being subject to cooling and then, at a given time tw for which the instantaneous temperature is , is suddenly put in contact with a temperature source at Tst may continue cooling down temporarily or, on the contrary, undergo a temperature rebound. According to current knowledge, there can be only one ‘spurious’ and small peak/low. However, our results prove that, under certain conditions, more than one extremum may appear. Specifically, we have observed regions with two extrema and a critical point with three extrema. We have also detected cases where extraordinarily large extrema are observed, as large as the order of magnitude of the stationary value of the variable of interest. We show this by studying the thermal evolution of a low density set of macroscopic particles that do not preserve kinetic energy upon collision, i.e. a granular gas. We describe the mechanism that signals in this system the emergence of these complex and large memory effects, and explain why similar observations can be expected in a variety of systems.
Highlights
Experimental observations reveal that the response to an excitation of complex condensed matter systems may depend on the entire system’s history, and not just on the instantaneous value of the state variables [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8]
Two data sets from molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of the granular gas for both the HP and the CP, together with their corresponding theoretical predictions, are represented in figure 2(A), which clearly shows the appearance of very large memory effects
The essential property driving the giant memory effect here is the existence of two independent temperature scales, translational and rotational, i.e. the breakdown of equipartition as given by the fact that q 1 1
Summary
Experimental observations reveal that the response to an excitation of complex condensed matter systems may depend on the entire system’s history, and not just on the instantaneous value of the state variables [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8]. This nonmonotonic behavior, denominated later as Kovacs hump, consists in reaching one maximum before returning to its equilibrium value st
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