On the Duality of Unsteady MHD Al2O3-Cu/Water Hybrid Nanofluid Flow over a Stretching/Shrinking Curved Surface with Newtonian Heating

Abstract

The notable progress in contemporary engineering technology has prompted a greater emphasis on curved surfaces, due to their wide-ranging utilization in transportation, industrial domains, and electronics. However, additional research is necessary to broaden the scope of applications involving curved surfaces. This study explores the unsteady magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) Copper-Alumina/water hybrid nanofluid flow through a permeable curved stretching/shrinking surface with Newtonian heating applied. Due to the curved nature of the geometry, the present problem is modeled using curvilinear coordinates. The addition of Newtonian heating is due to its vital role in the cooling and heating process for industrial purposes. The partial differential equations (PDEs) of the fluid flow will be reduced through a similarity transformation to ordinary differential equations (ODEs). A numerical solution is obtained by resolving the equations of continuity, momentum, and energy using the bvp4c solver in MATLAB. Furthermore, a comprehensive graphical analysis is conducted to examine the impacts of various physical parameters on the velocity and temperature profiles as well as Local Nusselt number and skin friction. These include the parameters on suction, magnetic, Newtonian heating, nanoparticle volume fraction, and stretch/shrink parameters. By systematically varying these parameters, a dual solution was noticed on the graphs while observing their influence on the flow and heat transfer characteristics. The results show that the range of solutions has expanded with an increase in copper volume fraction and magnetic parameters. A shrinking sheet exhibits greater skin friction when the value of copper and magnetic parameters is increased. In the meantime, the stretching sheet portrayed an opposite trend. The local Nusselt number is enhanced with the strengthened magnetic values and Newtonian heating parameters. Besides, the presence of suction is also responsible for a noteworthy decrease in the rate of heat transfer.