On the delayed vector-bias malaria model in an almost periodic environment

Abstract

The global dynamics of a vector-bias malaria model with extrinsic incubation period in an almost periodic environment are considered. The basic reproduction ratio $ R_{0} $ is first introduced, and then it is proved that $ R_{0} $ is a threshold parameter that determines the global dynamics of the model, that is, the disease-free almost periodic solution is globally attractive when $ R_{0} $ $ <1 $, the system allows a unique positive almost periodic solution which has global attractivity when $ R_{0} $ $ >1 $. Numerical simulations show that extending the incubation period is advantageous for disease control, and the basic reproduction ratio may be overestimated or underestimated if vector bias is ignored.