On the convection velocity of source events related to supersonic jet crackle

Abstract

An image analysis method is developed and applied to shadowgraph images of supersonic jet flow to measure shock front propagation angles at numerous interrogation points distributed throughout the quiescent region outside of the jet shear layer. These shock fronts manifest in acoustic measurements of jet noise as steepened temporal waveforms that have been linked to the perception of crackle. The analysis method uses the Radon transform to quantitatively determine a local shock front propagation angle at each point. The dataset of angles is subsequently used to determine the locations and convection velocities of the sources inside the jet shear layer. The results indicate that the shock-like waves emerge immediately from the jet shear layer and are created by the supersonic convection of coherent structures. The statistical distribution of convection velocities follows an extreme value distribution, indicating that the shock front emitting sources are maxima of the underlying turbulence. A noise reduction method known to reduce the convection velocities in the jet shear layer is applied to the jet to investigate the effect on the shock front emission. The shock front angles change in concert with the reduction in convection velocity giving further evidence that the source of crackle is a flow field event.