Abstract
Two restricted imperative programming languages are considered: One is a slight modification of a loop language studied intensively in the literature, the other is a stack programming language over an arbitrary but fixed alphabet, supporting a suitable loop concept over stacks. The paper presents a purely syntactical method for analysing the impact of nesting loops on the running time. This gives rise to a uniform measure μ on both loop and stack programs, that is, a function that assigns to each such program P a natural number μ( P ) computable from the syntax of P . It is shown that stack programs of μ -measure n compute exactly those functions computed by a Turing machine whose running time lies in Grzegorczyk class E n+2 . In particular, stack programs of μ -measure 0 compute precisely the polynomial-time computable functions. Furthermore, it is shown that loop programs of μ -measure n compute exactly the functions in E n+2 . In particular, loop programs of μ -measure 0 compute precisely the linear-space computable functions.
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