On the compressional rheology of fresh faeces: Evidence for improving community scale sanitation through localised dewatering

Edwina Mercer,Shane P Usher,Ewan J Mcadam,Brian Stoner,Yadira Bajón-Fernández

doi:10.1016/j.watres.2021.117526

Edwina Mercer, Shane P Usher + Show 3 more

Open Access

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2021.117526

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Abstract

Non-sewered sanitation is currently dependant upon pit latrine emptying, the safety of which is compromised by the high costs of faecal sludge transport to centralised treatment facilities. Transport in turn is hindered by the complex rheology of pit latrine sludge. This study therefore characterised the compressional rheology of fresh faeces and modelled the implications for passive (gravity) or mechanical (forced) solid/liquid separation. This informs on the viability of decentralising dewatering for more efficient volume reduction and improving the economics of transportation. The gel point (ϕg) is the solids concentration where the material has a networked structure and signifies the point when mechanical intervention is required for further solid-liquid separation. For fresh faeces, ϕg ranged between 6.3 and 15.6% total solids (TS) concentration. This is significantly higher than the ϕg observed for wastewater sludge at centralised facilities, and it implies that passive gravity driven processes can suffice to improve localised dewatering. The kinetics of passive sedimentation of faecal material were modelled and illustrate thickening from 3 to 10% TS concentration in <0.5 h. This highlights that early intervention to thicken faeces while fresh can improve solid/liquid separation efficiency. Filtration of fresh faeces was characterised by lengthy cake filtration times and comparably short compression times, more similar to mineral slurries than to wastewater sludge. Consequently, fresh faeces presented improved dewatering characteristics, supporting higher final cake solids concentrations and improved dewatering kinetics. By complementing thickening with 300 kPa filtration, a 1.4 cm thick 25% TS product could be achieved in <24 h. Investigation of matrix properties highlighted that increased conductivity (e.g. exposure to urine) negatively influenced dewaterability, an effect which could be mitigated by introducing solid-liquid separation earlier. The thermodynamically favourable compressional rheology of fresh faeces has identified that focussing on localised dewatering could radically improve the economics of faecal sludge management, primarily through reducing transport costs.

Highlights

Non-sewered sanitation solutions such as pit latrines and septic tanks serve one third of the world’s population, acting as an affordable alternative to conventional wastewater treatment
To characterise the compressive yield stress (Py), hindered settling function (R) and solids diffusivity (D), curve fits were produced by combining settling data at low solids concentrations with pressure filtration data from high solids concentrations (Stickland et al, 2008; Skinner et al, 2015)
Modelling confirmed the efficacy of gravity driven separation, with thickening from 3 to 10% total solids (TS) concentration requiring

Summary

Introduction

Non-sewered sanitation solutions such as pit latrines and septic tanks serve one third of the world’s population, acting as an affordable alternative to conventional wastewater treatment. These systems func tion as intermediate storage facilities, requiring emptying and transport to centralised facilities for safe treatment. In the urban setting, only 22% of pit latrine sludge is safely managed (Blackett et al, 2014), leading to enteric pathogenic contamination of community water resources, resulting in diarrhoea responsible for the highest illness and morbidity rates worldwide (UNICEF and WHO, 2015). With safely managed sanitation practices, it is projected that up to 88% of diarrhoea related deaths could be prevented (UNICEF and WHO, 2015)

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