Abstract
By pumping liquid helium, temperatures below 0.8°K have hitherto only been achieved with the aid of very large pump systems. Methods are here described by which the helium evaporation is considerably reduced, so that this temperature region can be reached with ordinary pumps of 10 litres/sec capacity. The results obtained confirm the existence of a film of liquid helium creeping out of the vessel and evaporating at the top. Besides extending the range of temperature easily accessible with liquid helium, the new methods considerably increase the efficacy of the magnetic method for still further lowering the temperature.
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