Abstract
Energy efficiency is vital for uninterrupted long-term operation of wireless underground communication nodes in the field of decision agriculture. In this paper, energy harvesting and wireless power transfer techniques are discussed with applications in underground wireless communications (UWC). Various external wireless power transfer techniques are explored. Moreover, key energy harvesting technologies are presented that utilize available energy sources in the field such as vibration, solar, and wind. In this regard, the Electromagnetic (EM)- and Magnetic Induction (MI)-based approaches are explained. Furthermore, the vibration-based energy harvesting models are reviewed as well. These energy harvesting approaches lead to design of an efficient wireless underground communication system to power underground nodes for prolonged field operation in decision agriculture.
Highlights
Wireless Underground Sensor Networks (WUSNs) is a subset of Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) paradigm
Because WD2 separated from Hybrid APs (HAP) at large distance, more resources can be allocated to WD2 than other Wireless Devices (WD) to ensure fairness (Figure 3a)
WD1 can be compensated by allowing more time to transmit because cooperation enables HAP to devote more time to communication than Wireless Power Transfer (WPT) [62]
Summary
Wireless Underground Sensor Networks (WUSNs) is a subset of Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) paradigm. In [16], authors have proposed a Microwave and Meteorological fusion (MMF) strategy to downscale soil moisture Due to these challenges, many researchers are working to investigate WUSNs empirically and model the underground wireless communication channel [5,8,11,17,18,19]. WPCN distinguishes itself from traditional battery-powered wireless networks in that it does not require manual replacement or recharging of battery Instead, it completely controls its power transfer process by tuning various parameters such as waveform, transmit power, time and frequency domains. A WPT-related technology to wirelessly energize a sensor node known as Simultaneous Wireless Information and Power Transfer (SWIPT) [24,54] is reviewed. We have discussed both WPT and SWIPT techniques of wireless transfer of energy
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