Abstract
To study the emission characteristics of carbonyl compounds for in-use diesel vehicles on real roads, nine in-use heavy-duty diesel trucks (HDDTs) representing different emission standards from China 0 to China 3 were tested on roads in Xiamen using an on-board carbonyl compound sampling system with a 2,4-DNPH cartridge. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used to quantify the carbonyl compound emission factors. In total, 10 carbonyl compounds were detected for all the tested vehicles in this work. Formaldehyde, acetaldehyde and propanal were the three largest contributors of carbonyl emissions, accounting for 47.9%, 21.0% and 9.9% of the total carbonyls, respectively. The emission standards had a significant effect on the emission factors and profiles of the carbonyl compounds from the test vehicles. The total emissions of carbonyls from the test vehicles with China 0, China 1, China 2 and China 3 emission standards were 318.4, 232.8, 108.1 and 88.8 mg/km, respectively. The relative contribution of formaldehyde to the total carbonyl emissions increased with increasing stringency of the emission standards. Driving patterns also affected the vehicular carbonyl emissions. The total carbonyl emissions under highway driving cycles were lower than those under non-highway driving cycles. In addition, the ozone-formation potential of the carbonyls from the tested diesel vehicles was analyzed. This work represents a preliminary step in measuring carbonyl emission characteristics using portable emission measurement systems (PEMS). More attention should be paid to carbonyl emissions from HDDTs.
Highlights
Carbonyl compounds are a class of organic compounds whose structures contain a carbon-oxygen double bond
The maximum and minimum carbonyl emissions were from the XM 01 and XM 08 test vehicles, respectively, which conformed to the China 0 and China 3 emission standards, respectively
Further discussion of the impacts of emission standards on carbonyl emissions is provided
Summary
Carbonyl compounds are a class of organic compounds whose structures contain a carbon-oxygen double bond. These compounds mainly include aldehydes, ketones and carboxylic acids. Some carbonyls, such as formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, acrolein and methyl ethyl ketone, are toxic, mutagenic and even carcinogenic to the human body (Carlier et al, 1986). Carbonyl compounds are highly reactive, making them important components in atmospheric photochemical reactions, and are sources of oxidative free radicals. Carbonyl compounds are important precursors of photochemically formed secondary pollutants, such as ozone and peroxyacylnitrates (PAN) (Carter, 1995; Gaffney et al, 1997). Motor vehicles are a major source of atmospheric
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