Abstract
One of the most appealing qualities of additive manufacturing (AM) is the ability to produce complex geometries faster than most traditional methods. The trade-off for this advantage is that AM parts are extremely vulnerable to residual stresses (RSs), which may lead to geometrical distortions and quality inspection failures. Additionally, tensile RSs negatively impact the fatigue life and other mechanical performance characteristics of the parts in service. Therefore, in order for AM to cross the borders of prototyping toward a viable manufacturing process, the major challenge of RS development must be addressed. Different AM technologies contain many unique features and parameters, which influence the temperature gradients in the part and lead to development of RSs. The stresses formed in AM parts are typically observed to be compressive in the center of the part and tensile on the top layers. To mitigate these stresses, process parameters must be optimized, which requires exhaustive and costly experimentations. Alternative to experiments, holistic computational frameworks which can capture much of the physics while balancing computational costs are introduced for rapid and inexpensive investigation into development and prevention of RSs in AM. In this review, the focus is on metal additive manufacturing, referred to simply as “AM”, and, after a brief introduction to various AM technologies and thermoelastic mechanics, prior works on sources of RSs in AM are discussed. Furthermore, the state-of-the-art knowledge on RS measurement techniques, the influence of AM process parameters, current modeling approaches, and distortion prevention approaches are reported.
Highlights
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming a leading method for manufacturing components across many industries, including automotive, medical, and aerospace [1]
AM (EBAM) titanium alloy, in as-built, stress-relieved, and hot isostatic pressed (HIPed) conditions, and the results indicated that hot isostatic pressing (HIPing) could cause microstructural changes to relieve residual stresses (RSs) and improve fatigue life of components, but neutron diffraction measurements suggested that most of the stresses were relieved during the Electron jetting beam involves additivethe manufacturing (EBAM) build process at 600 ◦ C
AM is a growing technology, but there is a huge demand for RS and part distortion prevention in
Summary
Additive manufacturing (AM) is quickly becoming a leading method for manufacturing components across many industries, including automotive, medical, and aerospace [1]. It was further shown by Uhlmann et al [22] that a post-process stress-relieving heat treatment can change the microstructure in Ti–6Al–4V. An important effect that is the basis of measuring RSs destructively is components and medical devices, from being additively manufactured These drawbacks were an area that residual stresses, while forming, cause the part to distort, and, by removing the material which of investigation for many years, and this review paper serves to collect and report, on the contains the RSs, the part relaxes to dimensions that would exist without RSs [12]. Reference [13]). [13])
Sign-in/Register to view highlights & summary Talk to us
Join us for a 30 min session where you can share your feedback and ask us any queries you have
Schedule a callDisclaimer: All third-party content on this website/platform is and will remain the property of their respective owners and is provided on "as is" basis without any warranties, express or implied. Use of third-party content does not indicate any affiliation, sponsorship with or endorsement by them. Any references to third-party content is to identify the corresponding services and shall be considered fair use under The CopyrightLaw.
