On-line effects of quadripulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (QPS) on the contralateral hemisphere studied with somatosensory evoked potentials and near infrared spectroscopy

Abstract

To evaluate on-line effects of quadripulse stimulation (QPS) over the primary motor cortex (M1) on cortical areas in the contralateral hemisphere. QPS consisted of 24 bursts of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) pulses with an inter-burst interval of 5s for 2min (for on-line effect study) or 360 bursts for 30min (for after-effect study). Each burst consisted of four TMS pulses (i.e. QPS) separated by an interstimulus interval of 5 or 50ms (QPS-5 or QPS-50). QPSs were delivered over the left M1. Experiment 1 [on-line effect on somatosensory evoked potential (SEP)]: Left median nerve SEPs were recorded before, during and after QPS. Experiment 2 (after effect on SEP): After-effects of QPS were evaluated by following up SEPs after the QPS sessions. Experiment 3 (on-line effect on NIRS): Near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) was also recorded at the right hemisphere during all QPS paradigms. Both QPS-5 and QPS-50 enlarged a cortical component of the contralateral SEP during stimulation. On the other hand, concerning the after effects, QPS-5 over M1 potentiated the contralateral SEP and QPS-50 tended to depress it. In NIRS study, both QPS-5 and QPS-50 induced a significant oxy-Hb decrease (deactivation pattern) at the right hemisphere during stimulation whereas sham stimulations unaffected them. We have shown the unidirectional on-line effects evoked by QPS-5 and QPS-50 on both SEP and NIRS, and bidirectional after effects on SEP at the contralateral hemisphere. The discrepancy between on-line effect and after effect may be explained by the differences in the underlying mechanisms between them. The former may be mainly explained by pure electrophysiological property changes in the membrane or synapses. The latter may be explained by synaptic efficacy changes which need some protein syntheses at least partly. Another discrepancy shown here is the direction of on-line effects. Electrophysiological (SEP) function was potentiated by both QPSs whereas hemodynamic (NIRS) function was depressed. This may be explained by which sensory areas contribute to NIRS or SEP generation.