On families of differential equations on two-torus with all phase-lock areas

Abstract

We consider two-parametric families of non-autonomous ordinary differential equations on the two-torus with coordinates (x, t) of the type . We study its rotation number as a function of the parameters (A, B). The phase-lock areas are those level sets of the rotation number function that have non-empty interiors. Buchstaber, Karpov and Tertychnyi studied the case when in their joint paper. They observed the quantization effect: for every smooth periodic function f(t) the family of equations may have phase-lock areas only for integer rotation numbers. Another proof of this quantization statement was later obtained in a joint paper by Ilyashenko, Filimonov and Ryzhov. This implies a similar quantization effect for every and rotation numbers that are multiples of . We show that for every other analytic vector field v(x) (i.e. having at least two Fourier harmonics with non-zero non-opposite degrees and nonzero coefficients) there exists an analytic periodic function f(t) such that the corresponding family of equations has phase-lock areas for all the rational values of the rotation number.