On essential self-adjointness of singular Sturm–Liouville operators

Abstract

Considering singular Sturm--Liouville differential expressions of the type \[ \tau_{\alpha} = -(d/dx)x^{\alpha}(d/dx) + q(x), \quad x \in (0,b), \; \alpha \in \mathbb{R}, \] we employ some Sturm comparison-type results in the spirit of Kurss to derive criteria for $\tau_{\alpha}$ to be in the limit point and limit circle case at $x=0$. More precisely, if $\alpha \in \mathbb{R}$ and for $0 0$ such that for $0<x$ sufficiently small, \begin{align*} &q(x)\geq[(3/4)-(\alpha/2)]x^{\alpha-2} - (1/2) (2 - \alpha) x^{\alpha-2} \sum_{j=1}^{N}\prod_{\ell=1}^{j}[\ln_{\ell}(x)]^{-1} &\quad\quad\quad +[(3/4)+\varepsilon] x^{\alpha-2}[\ln_{1}(x)]^{-2}. \end{align*} then $\tau_{\alpha}$ is nonoscillatory and in the limit point case at $x=0$. Here iterated logarithms for $0 < x$ sufficiently small are of the form, \[ \ln_1(x) = |\ln(x)| = \ln(1/x), \quad \ln_{j+1}(x) = \ln(\ln_j(x)), \quad j \in \mathbb{N}. \] Analogous results are derived for $\tau_{\alpha}$ to be in the limit circle case at $x=0$. We also discuss a multi-dimensional application to partial differential expressions of the type \[ - \Div |x|^{\alpha} \nabla + q(|x|), \quad \alpha \in \mathbb{R}, \; x \in B_n(0;R) \backslash\{0\}, \] with $B_n(0;R)$ the open ball in $\mathbb{R}^n$, $n\in \mathbb{N}$, $n \geq 2$, centered at $x=0$ of radius $R \in (0, \infty)$.