Abstract

Riemannian geometry is the geometry of bent manifolds. However, as this paper shows, it is also the geometry of deformed spaces. General Relativity (GR), based on Riemannian geometry, relates to space around the Sun and other masses as a bent 3D manifold.  
 
 Although a bent 3D space manifold in a 4D hyper-space is unimaginable, physicists accept this constraint. Our geometry of deformed spaces removes this constraint and shows that the Sun and other masses simply contract the 3D space around them. Thus, we are able to understand General Relativity (GR) almost intuitively - an intuition that inspires our imagination.
 
 Space in GR is considered a continuous manifold, bent (curved) by energy/momentum. Both Einstein (1933) and Feynman (1963), considered the option of space being a deformed continuum rather than a bent (curved) continuous manifold. We, however, consider space to be a 3D deformed lattice rather than a bent continuous manifold. The geometry presented in this paper is the geometry of this kind of space.

Highlights

  • We relate to space not as a passive static arena for fields and particles but as an active elastic entity

  • Riemannian geometry is the geometry of bent manifolds

  • Einstein was led to General Relativity (GR) by arguments that were un-related to a possible elastic 3D space

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Summary

Introduction

We relate to space not as a passive static arena for fields and particles but as an active elastic entity. The mathematical objects of GR are n-dimensional manifolds in hyper-spaces with more dimensions than n These are not necessarily the physical objects that GR accounts for. In n-dimensional elastic deformed spaces, Euclidian geometry is not valid and we are compelled to use Riemannian geometry. All of its elementary cells are of the same size, and Euclidian geometry is valid. When the density is not uniform, i.e., cells are of different sizes, an internal observer discovers that Euclidian geometry is not valid. When this internal observer measures circles, they find an Excess Radius δr that differs from zero.

Intrinsic Curvature at a Point P on a 2D Manifold
The Excess Radius δr of Curved Manifolds
The Gaussian Curvature
Gaussian Curvature and the Schwarzschild Metric
Intrinsic Negative Curvature at a Point P on a 2D Manifold - A Saddle
Positive Symmetric Curvature at a Point P
Combined Curvature and Its Geometric Mean Radius
Positive Curvature
Negative Curvature
A Saddle
Intrinsic Curvature at a Point P in a 3D Deformed Space
Geodesics
10. Local Versus Global Curvature and the Flat Universe
11. Infinite Closed Space
14. Curvature in Deformed Spaces Is a Function of Space Density
14.2 Space Density and the Volume Change
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