Abstract
The development of various propagation ducting phenomena (elevated or surface) has been studied extensively for electromagnetic and electro-optical wave propagation. The influence of changes in temperature, pressure, and humidity gradients on the strength and geometry of the duct in the electromagnetic propagation problem is well-documented, and there is substantial literature regarding the influence of temperature gradient on atmospheric acoustic propagation. Analytical results indicate that moisture gradients in warm air above a sea surface contribute meaningfully to the refraction of sound. This work uses numerical simulation to explore the atmospheric conditions that would support development of acoustic ducts or wave guide conditions during moderate range (<1 km) acoustic propagation. The aim of this overall effort is an improved numerical model of acoustic refraction and attenuation over moderate to long distances above a sea surface that accounts for sea state as well as boundary layer wind, temperature, and humidity profiles.
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