Abstract
By using the notions of exact truth (`true and not false') and exact falsity (`false and not true'), one can give 16 distinct definitions of classical consequence. This paper studies the class of relations that results from these definitions in settings that are paracomplete, paraconsistent or both and that are governed by the (extended) Strong Kleene schema. Besides familiar logics such as Strong Kleene logic (K3), the Logic of Paradox (LP) and First Degree Entailment (FDE), the resulting class of all Strong Kleene generalizations of classical logic also contains a host of unfamiliar logics. We first study the members of our class semantically, after which we present a uniform sequent calculus (the SK calculus) that is sound and complete with respect to all of them. Two further sequent calculi (the $${{\bf SK}^\mathcal{P}}$$SKP and $${\bf SK}^{\mathcal{N}}$$SKN calculus) will be considered, which serve the same purpose and which are obtained by applying general methods (due to Baaz et al.) to construct sequent calculi for many-valued logics. Rules and proofs in the SK calculus are much simpler and shorter than those of the $${\bf SK}^{\mathcal{P}}$$SKP and the $${\bf SK}^{\mathcal{N}}$$SKN calculus, which is one of the reasons to prefer the SK calculus over the latter two. Besides favourably comparing the SK calculus to both the $${\bf SK}^{\mathcal{P}}$$SKP and the $${\bf SK}^{\mathcal{N}}$$SKN calculus, we also hint at its philosophical significance.
Highlights
In the classical setting truth coincides with exact truth, where a sentence is exactly true just in case it is true and not false
By using the notions of exact truth and exact-falsity we defined the class of all Strong Kleene Generalizations
We developed a uniform sequent calculus, the SK calculus, that is sound and complete with respect to all Strong Kleene Generalizations
Summary
Truth and falsity are mutually exclusive and jointly exhaustive. It readily follows that in such a setting, truth, truth∗, non-falsity and non-falsity∗ are all distinct from one another and that our 16 schemas potentially define 16 distinct relations Whether they do so depends on the class of valuations V with respect to which the schemas are evaluated, to which we turn. It will be convenient to introduce a uniform notation for the Strong Kleene Generalizations (of classical logic), i.e. for the relations that are obtained when our 16 schemas are instantiated with V2, V3n, V3b and V4 respectively.. Entailment (FDE), a well-known logic that is studied in [12] and [13] and that is defined in terms of the preservation of truth or—what turns out to be equivalent—non-falsity over V4 valuations:. We will study the Strong Kleene Generalizations both semantically and syntactically—we will advocate one and present three uniform sequent calculi to capture the z xy relations—as explained in more detail below
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