Abstract
Simple SummaryThe increasing demand for fish products has caused disease-related problems due to intense fish practices in fish farms. The fish diseases infection caused by bacteria, viruses, and parasites could lead to high fish mortality that affected the aquaculture industry. Recently, a systematic strategy to overcome fish disease problems using multi-omics platforms has been used to provide a better understanding of how to improve the resistance of fish to pathogen infection. In this review, we highlight the current multi-omics strategies such as transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics to provide information regarding their molecular mechanisms of action, subsequently important in discovering potential biomarkers for various infectious fish diseases in the aquaculture system.Aquaculture is an important industry globally as it remains one of the significant alternatives of animal protein source supplies for humankind. Yet, the progression of this industry is being dampened by the increasing rate of fish mortality, mainly the outbreak of infectious diseases. Consequently, the regress in aquaculture ultimately results in the economy of multiple countries being affected due to the decline of product yields and marketability. By 2025, aquaculture is expected to contribute approximately 57% of fish consumption worldwide. Without a strategic approach to curb infectious diseases, the increasing demands of the aquaculture industry may not be sustainable and hence contributing to the over-fishing of wild fish. Recently, a new holistic approach that utilizes multi-omics platforms including transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics is unraveling the intricate molecular mechanisms of host-pathogen interaction. This approach aims to provide a better understanding of how to improve the resistance of host species. However, no comprehensive review has been published on multi-omics strategies in deciphering fish disease etiology and molecular regulation. Most publications have only covered particular omics and no constructive reviews on various omics findings across fish species, particularly on their immune systems, have been described elsewhere. Our previous publication reviewed the integration of omics application for understanding the mechanism of fish immune response due to microbial infection. Hence, this review provides a thorough compilation of current advancements in omics strategies for fish disease management in the aquaculture industry. The discovery of biomarkers in various fish diseases and their potential advancement to complement the recent progress in combatting fish disease is also discussed in this review.
Highlights
The exponential growth of the human population has markedly increased the global demand for food, protein sources from an animal such as fish
As this review aims to compile the vast literature on the multi-omics approaches including transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics for advancements management in fish disease studies, we will first describe each of the omics applications individually to assess their relevance used in fish’s immune response studies and walk the readers through the biomarkers found from these studies
The integration of different omics is expected to give a better understanding of fish immune mechanisms during disease infection, where different layers of omics data generated can be used to reflect the characteristic of an organism at different biomolecule levels
Summary
The exponential growth of the human population has markedly increased the global demand for food, protein sources from an animal such as fish. Despite monitoring the health of the fish stock due to the development and advancement of aquaculture, a continuous supply of fish products could not be supplied globally, primarily due to disease outbreaks [9]. Fish such as groupers with a high market value and are reared mainly in fish farms are exceptionally susceptible to infection [10]. The main pathogen that infects marine species is bacteria, which comprises 54.9% of the total infection followed by virus infection (22.6%), parasites (19.4%), and fungi (3.1%) [8,11,12] The outbreak of these infections’ diseases in the large-scale fish farms will cost the farmers their revenue and offsets their business. The review focuses on biomarker discovery and the potential advancement it foreshadows in complementing the omics approach
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