OMEGA-3 FATTY ACID SUPPLEMENTATION FOR ATTENTION DEFICIT HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER IN CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENT: LITERATURE REVIEW

Abstract

Introduction and objective: Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder affects 5.29% globally, with rising incidence, particularly in boys. The eleventh revision of the International Classification of Diseases defines ADHD by persistent patterns of inattention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity. Stimulants (such as methylphenidate) and atomoxetine are effective but carry side effects. Omega-3 fatty acids show promise in influencing synaptic membrane structure and neurotransmitter activity. Studies suggest benefits for ADHD symptoms, making Omega-3 supplementation a potential adjunctive treatment. Review methods: PubMed database was used for the review. An electronic search was performed within publication years (2005–2024) using English search phrases such as "ADHD," "ADHD treatment," "Omega-3 supplementation," and "polyunsaturated fatty acids in ADHD." All retrieved articles, including original and randomized controlled studies, were analyzed. Results: The average Omega-3 intake in the U.S. falls below recommended levels. Western diets' Omega-6 dominance may exacerbate inflammation, while Omega-3 deficiencies could impact ADHD symptoms. Studies suggest Omega-3 supplementation may reduce impulsivity and improve attention. A Mexican trial found comparable efficacy between Omega-3/6 and methylphenidate (MPH). However, a French trial favored a placebo. Recent Italian research found limited benefits in mild ADHD cases. Conclusions: As ADHD rates rise, more research is needed to manage the disorder. Omega-3 supplementation shows mixed results in improving symptoms, highlighting the need for further investigation. For a final determination of this impact, it seems necessary to conduct studies with a long observation period, in which various doses and combinations of Omega-3 acids will be considered, as well as retrospective studies.