Abstract
Skeletal degeneration due to aging, also known as osteoporosis, is a major health problem worldwide. Certain dietary components confer protection to our skeletal system against osteoporosis. Consumption of olives, olive oil and olive polyphenols has been shown to improve bone health. This review aims to summarize the current evidence from cellular, animal and human studies on the skeletal protective effects of olives, olive oil and olive polyphenols. Animal studies showed that supplementation of olives, olive oil or olive polyphenols could improve skeletal health assessed via bone mineral density, bone biomechanical strength and bone turnover markers in ovariectomized rats, especially those with inflammation. The beneficial effects of olive oil and olive polyphenols could be attributed to their ability to reduce oxidative stress and inflammation. However, variations in the bone protective, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects between studies were noted. Cellular studies demonstrated that olive polyphenols enhanced proliferation of pre-osteoblasts, differentiation of osteoblasts and decreased the formation of osteoclast-like cells. However, the exact molecular pathways for its bone health promoting effects are yet to be clearly elucidated. Human studies revealed that daily consumption of olive oil could prevent the decline in bone mineral density and improve bone turnover markers. As a conclusion, olives, olive oil and its polyphenols are potential dietary interventions to prevent osteoporosis among the elderly.
Highlights
Skeletal mass and microarchitecture degenerate with aging, predisposing the elderly to skeletal fragility and fractures
Diet supplemented with 50 g/kg extra virgin olive oil for 80 days prevented the decrease of femoral total, diaphyseal and metaphyseal bone mineral density in 6-month old ovariectomized rats with induced inflammation, but not in those without inflammation
There is an abundance of animal studies showing that olives, olive oil and olive polyphenols are effective in preventing bone loss in post-menopausal osteoporosis models
Summary
Skeletal mass and microarchitecture degenerate with aging, predisposing the elderly to skeletal fragility and fractures This condition, aptly named ‘osteoporosis’ or bone porosity in. Results of these human studies have been validated in experimental studies, whereby supplementation of extra these studies have in experimental studies, supplementation of extra virginhuman or refined olive oilbeen (19%validated of the diet) in growing pigs for whereby eight weeks increased their bone virgin or refined olive oil We have included studies using animal model of osteoporosis, model ofmodel osteoblasts and osteoclasts, and human to assess theassess bone the protective effects of effects olives. Cellular of osteoblasts and osteoclasts, andtrials human trials to bone protective These studies, bone health washealth determined by bone mineral density assessed using dual-X-ray of. With suggestions of possible future research directions on this topic
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