Abstract
Colorectal cancer is the fourth cause of cancer-related death worldwide. A Mediterranean diet showed protective action against colorectal cancer due to the intake of different substances. Olive oil is a fundamental component of the Mediterranean diet. Olive oil is rich in high-value health compounds (such as monounsaturated free fatty acids, squalene, phytosterols, and phenols). Phenolic compounds exert favourable effects on free radicals, inflammation, gut microbiota, and carcinogenesis. The interaction between gut microbiota and olive oil consumption could modulate colonic microbial composition or activity, with a possible role in cancer prevention. Gut microbiota is able to degrade some substances found in olive oil, producing active metabolites with chemopreventive action. Further clinical research is needed to clarify the beneficial effects of olive oil and its components. A better knowledge of the compounds found in olive oil could lead to the development of nutritional supplements or chemotherapeutic agents with a potential in the prevention and treatment of colorectal cancer.
Highlights
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer per incidence worldwide, the third in men and the second in women (746,000 and 614,000 cases, 10.0% and 9.2% of the total respectively).More than half of the cases of CRC occur in industrialized regions of the world [1]
The results showed an enhancement of glutathione S-transferase T2 (GSTT2) expression and a decrease of COX-2 that could explain the chemopreventive action of polyphenol metabolites after intestinal degradation [43]
Dietary intervention, including intake of Olive oil (OO), could reduce CRC risk through its effects on colonic microbial metabolism [113]. Ellagic acid is another polyphenol found in OO, that showed a number of biological properties such as antioxidant and cancer protective effects on different tumour cell lines, for example Caco-2 colon, Hs 578T breast, MCF-7 breast, and DU 145 human prostatic cancer cells, without any toxicity on normal human lung fibroblasts [44]
Summary
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer per incidence worldwide, the third in men and the second in women (746,000 and 614,000 cases, 10.0% and 9.2% of the total respectively). Lymphoma; CCNB1: Cyclin B1; CCNG2: Cyclin G2; CDK: Cyclin-dependent kinase; COX2: Cyclooxygenase-2; CRC: Colorectal cancer; CYP1A1: Cytochrome P450, family 1, subfamily A, polypeptide 1; EGFR: Epidermal growth factor receptor; ERK: Extracellular-signal-regulated kinase; GSTT2: Glutathione S-transferase theta 2; HIF-1α: Hypoxia-inducible factor 1-α; HT: Hydroxytyrosol; IC50 : half maximal inhibitory concentration; IFN-γ: Interferon-γ; IL-8: Interleukin-8; IL-17: Interleukin-17; IL-6: Interleukin-6; Mcl-1: Myeloid cell leukemia 1; NF-κB: Nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells; Nrf2/ARE: Nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2/antioxidant responsive element; OMWW: Olive mill waste water; PCNA: Proliferating cell nuclear antigen; PDCD4: Programmed cell death protein 4; PI3K: Phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase; Pro-MMP: Pro-matrix metalloproteinase; Rorγt: Retinoic acid receptor-related orphan receptor gamma thymus; STAT3: Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3; t-BiD: Truncated BH3 interacting-domain death agonist; TNF-α: Tumor necrosis factor-α; UGT1A10: UDP Glucuronosyltransferase Family 1 Member A10; VEGF: Vascular endothelial growth factor; Wnt: Wingless/Integrated
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