Abstract
The valorisation of food wastes is a challenging opportunity for the green, sustainable, and competitive development of industry. The recovery of phenols contributes to the sustainability of olive waste sector, reducing its environmental impact and promoting the development of innovative formulations of interest for pharmaceutical, nutraceutical, and cosmeceutical applications. In this work, olive mill wastewater was treated through a combination of microfiltration (MF), nanofiltration (NF), and reverse osmosis (RO) in a sequential design to produce polyphenol-enriched fractions that have been investigated for their chemical profile using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC), and their potential antioxidant, hypolipidemic, and hypoglycaemic activities. RO retentate exhibited the highest content of hydroxytyrosol, tyrosol, oleuropein, verbascoside, vanillic acid, and luteolin. In particular, a content of hydroxytyrosol of 1522.2 mg/L, about five times higher than the MF feed, was found. RO retentate was the most active extract in all in vitro tests. Interestingly, this fraction showed a 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic) acid (ABTS) radicals scavenging activity with an IC50 value of 6.9 μg/mL and a potential inhibition of lipid peroxidation evaluated by the β-carotene bleaching test with IC50 values of 25.1 μg/mL after 30 min of incubation. Moreover, RO retentate inhibited α-amylase and α-glucosidase with IC50 values of 65.3 and 66.2 μg/mL, respectively.
Highlights
The olive oil production is a strategic economic activity within the agro-industrial production of Mediterranean countries
(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic) acid (ABTS) solution, β-carotene, linoleic acid, orlistat, 4-nitrophenyl octanoate (NPC), maltose, α-amylase from porcine pancreas, α-glucosidase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae, o-dianisidine dihydrochloride, 4-nitrophenyl octanoate (NPC), porcine pancreatic lipase, peroxidase/glucose oxidase (PGO), hydroxytyrosol, tyrosol, 4-hydroxyphenyl acetate, vanillic acid, caffeic acid, p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid, verbascoside, luteolin, and oleuropein were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich S.p.a. (Milan, Italy)
During the first 50 min the MF membrane in selected operating conditions up to a recovery factor of During the first concentration and the fouling of membrane polarization filtration, the permeate fluxphenomenon declined from 72 to 39 kg/m2⋅h;2 it continued to 50 min of membrane filtration, the permeate flux declined from 72 to 39 kg/m ·h; it continued to decrease until reaching a steady-state value of 22 kg/m2⋅h
Summary
The olive oil production is a strategic economic activity within the agro-industrial production of Mediterranean countries. The growing interest in olive oil consumption has spread the production to non-traditional producing countries such as Australia, South America and New. Zealand. Antioxidants 2020, 9, 602 as one of the most polluting effluents of the agro-food industries due to their high polluting load. Their composition is strongly influenced by the variety of olives and seasonality. They contain water (83–94%), organic substances (4–18%), including carbohydrates, pectins, mucilage, tannins, organic acids, phenolic compounds, lipids and inorganic substances
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